以不同家禽為動物模式評估經屠宰場廢棄羽毛與國產硬質玉米為飼養基質所生產黑水虻幼蟲粉所含之可代謝能濃度

Abstract

本研究分為五個試驗，前三試驗以廢棄羽毛搭配含伏馬鐮孢毒素之國產硬質玉米，做為飼養黑水虻幼蟲之飼養基質，探討不同組合比例、粗蛋白質或餵飼量，對黑水虻幼蟲生長表現，以及其體組成之影響。隨後將培育出之黑水虻幼蟲烘乾製成蟲粉，確認其中之各營養分含量或胺基酸組成，並檢驗其黴菌毒素殘留程度，同時輔以過篩率作為大規模培育所需之參考。其結果顯示，黑水虻幼蟲之體組成，顯著受到飼養基質營養組成分之影響（P < 0.05），而當屠宰後廢棄羽毛、國產硬質玉米與水之比例為 12.8：42.0： 45.2，配製出粗蛋白質乾基濃度為 27.64%，且基質餵飼量為 225 毫克/隻/日時，可使黑水虻幼蟲之生長表現達最佳化。在黴菌毒素方面，飼養基質或黑水虻幼蟲體內之伏馬鐮孢毒素總量分別為 0.534 或 0.042 ppm，意味著黑水虻幼蟲具有降解或代謝伏馬鐮孢毒素之能力。而在脂肪酸組成部分，以飽和脂肪酸為大宗，約占 47%，最多者為棕櫚酸，月桂酸次之；不飽和脂肪酸部分，則以油酸與亞麻油酸含量較為豐富，共佔總脂肪酸 46.46%。研究第四、五試驗係以不同種類家禽為動物模式，評估黑水虻幼蟲粉之可代謝能濃度。首先以商用品種 Hendrix 之成年蛋公雞為對象，使用全糞收集法，檢測黑水虻幼蟲粉之氮矯正表面可代謝能（AMEn）濃度。接著採用指示劑法，以 0 日齡之白肉雞（Ross 308）做為實驗動物，並以育雛期（0-10 日齡）飼糧作為對照組飼養全期，另將黑水虻幼蟲粉替代 5%之對照組飼糧，取得其在白肉雞各期或全期之可代謝能濃度。結果顯示，以成熟蛋公雞作為動物模式時，測得黑水虻幼蟲粉之 AME、AMEn、TME 與 TMEn 分別為 3880.99、3881.27、3892.92 與 3893.38 kcal/kg，其能量消化率為 65.82%。在白肉雞試驗方面，在各生長階段，以 5% 黑水虻幼蟲粉進行替代，對白肉雞之採食量或體增重皆無顯著影響；在肥育期（21–35 日齡）時，處理組之飼料轉換率（FCR）為 1.40，顯著優於對照組之 1.52（P < 0.05），且 35 日齡時之最終體重在數值上亦較對照組高。黑水虻幼蟲粉於白肉雞育雛期、生長期、肥育期或全期所測得之 AME 分別為 4030.57、4483.53、5129.01 或 3772.46 kcal/kg。白肉雞對黑水虻幼蟲粉之乾物質消化率或能量消化率皆展現隨日齡增加而顯著增加（P < 0.05），且肥育期之利用率皆顯著高於育雛期與生長期（P < 0.05）。綜上所述，黑水虻幼蟲可有效去化經屠宰場廢棄羽毛與含黴菌毒素之國產硬質玉米，且其亦可有效將國產硬質玉米之黴菌毒素排出，使其得以作為動物性蛋白質補充原料，添加進白肉雞飼糧內進行使用。而由成熟蛋公雞所測得之可代謝能較白肉雞各生長階段皆低，顯示傳統之可代謝能檢驗方法在白肉雞飼養上仍存在侷限性。由管飼蛋公雞所得之 AMEn 或許不適用於白肉雞飼養之各階段，本研究亦指明以替代法進行白肉雞可代謝能試驗，可能因替代率低造成 AME 值被高估，故未來若欲將飼料原料進行可代謝能濃度檢驗，並添加進白肉雞飼糧之中，則需考量白肉雞生長階段之腸道發育情形，實施分階段之營養策略，並改善替代法之缺點，使數值得以更加準確反映白肉雞對飼料原料之生理代謝情況。

This study was conducted across five trials. The first three trials evaluated rearing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on substrates composed of slaughterhouse waste feathers combined with fumonisin-contaminated domestic flint corn, investigating the effects of inclusion ratios, crude protein (CP) levels, and feeding rates on BSFL growth performance and body composition. Subsequently, the harvested larvae were dried into BSFL meal to determine nutrient composition and amino acid profiles, analyze mycotoxin residues, and evaluate sieving efficiency as a practical reference for mass rearing. The results demonstrated that BSFL body composition was significantly influenced by substrate nutrient composition (P < 0.05). Optimal BSFL growth performance was achieved with a substrate ratio of waste feathers, domestic flint corn, and water at 12.8 : 42.0 : 45.2 (corresponding to a dry matter CP concentration of 27.64%) at a feeding rate of 225 mg/larva/day. Regarding mycotoxin residues, total fumonisin concentrations in the substrate and BSFL were 0.534 ppm and 0.042 ppm, respectively, suggesting that BSFL possess the capacity to degrade or metabolize fumonisins. Fatty acid profiling revealed that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) constituted the majority at approximately 47% (predominantly palmitic acid, followed by lauric acid), while unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were primarily oleic and linoleic acids, together accounting for 46.46% of total fatty acids.Trials 4 and 5 evaluated the metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of BSFL meal using different avian animal models. First, adult cockerels (commercial Hendrix strain) were used in a total excreta collection assay to determine the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of BSFL meal. Next, day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in an indicator method assay. A starter diet (0–10 days of age) served as the control diet fed throughout the entire trial, while the treatment diet substituted 5% of the control diet with BSFL meal to determine phase-specific and overall ME values in broilers. In the rooster assay, the determined AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn values of BSFL meal were 3880.99, 3881.27, 3892.92, and 3893.38 kcal/kg, respectively, with an energy digestibility of 65.82%. In the broiler trial, 5% BSFL meal substitution had no significant negative impact on feed intake or body weight gain across any growth phase. During the finisher phase (21–35 days of age), the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the treatment group was 1.40, which was significantly superior to the control group’s 1.52 (P < 0.05), with a numerically higher final body weight at 35 days. The AME values of BSFL meal measured in broilers during the starter, grower, finisher, and overall periods were 4030.57, 4483.53, 5129.01, and 3772.46 kcal/kg, respectively. Both dry matter and energy digestibilities of BSFL meal in broilers increased significantly with age (P < 0.05), with values in the finisher phase being significantly higher than those in the starter and grower phases (P < 0.05).In conclusion, BSFL can effectively bioconvert slaughterhouse waste feathers and mycotoxin-contaminated domestic flint corn while mitigating mycotoxin accumulation, demonstrating their potential as a sustainable animal protein supplement in broiler diets. Furthermore, ME values derived from adult roosters were lower than those measured across all broiler growth phases, highlighting the limitations of traditional rooster-based ME assays when applied to broiler nutrition. AME values obtained from precision-fed adult roosters may not be directly applicable to different growth stages of broilers. This study also indicates that employing the substitution method with a low inclusion rate (5%) may lead to an overestimation of AME values. Therefore, future evaluations of feed ingredient ME for broiler diets should account for age-dependent gut physiological development, implement phase-feeding nutrition strategies, and refine substitution methodologies to more accurately reflect the dynamic metabolic energy utilization in broilers.