製作民族英雄：中華民國時期成吉思汗形象的建構與流轉（1911－2002）

Abstract

本文以成吉思汗為個案，說明中華民國在不同時期因應國內外政治局變動，如何將歷史人物形象作為推動國族建構與政治宣傳的基石。中國傳統王朝所積累的史料、世系考證，成為19世紀末日本型塑成吉思汗英雄形象的重要依據。近代中國雖已傳入日本的黃種英雄觀點，但到1930年代抗戰期間，國民政府才意識成吉思汗形象的重要性，故著手將「異族侵略者」論述，轉化為「中華民族英雄」。透過儀式等政治展演，以及書籍、學術報刊宣傳，官方動員並凝聚中國社會團結抗日的意識型態。迨中華民國遷臺後，官方雖延續祭祀儀式與流程，但意象已變為傳遞反共統一的政治想像，與維繫蒙古民族治理的邊疆政策理念。本文揭露20世紀以降成吉思汗民族英雄形象的出現、傳播與變遷，並非與其他中國民族英雄那般相似，源自社會大眾對歷史人物的崇敬，而有由下至上的參與和推動生成。實為近代國家因應政權生存危機、國族動員與統治合法性需求，所製作而成的政治性產物。

Using Chinggis Khan as a case study, this article examines how the Republic of China, in response to changing domestic and international political circumstances, employed the image of a historical figure as a foundation for nation-building and political propaganda during different historical periods. Historical records and genealogical studies accumulated under successive Chinese dynasties provided an important basis for the construction of Chinggis Khan as a heroic figure in late nineteenth-century Japan.Although the Japanese conception of Chinggis Khan as a hero of the “Yellow race” had already been introduced into modern China, it was not until the War of Resistance against Japan in the 1930s that the Nationalist government fully recognized the political significance of his image. It subsequently sought to transform the prevailing representation of Chinggis Khan from that of a “foreign invader” into that of a “Chinese hero.” Through political performances, including commemorative rituals, as well as publications in books, scholarly journals, newspapers, and periodicals, the state mobilized Chinese society and fostered an ideology of national unity and resistance against Japanese aggression.After the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan, the government continued to conduct the commemorative rituals according to largely the same ceremonial procedures. Nevertheless, their political symbolism shifted toward articulating an anti-communist vision of national reunification and preserving a frontier-policy framework for maintaining the state’s governance of the Mongolian population.This article demonstrates that the emergence, dissemination, and transformation of Chinggis Khan’s image as a national hero since the twentieth century differed from those of many other Chinese national heroes. His heroic image did not primarily emerge from popular reverence for a historical figure or from bottom-up social participation and promotion. Rather, it was a political construct deliberately produced by the modern state in response to crises of regime survival and the demands of national mobilization and political legitimacy.