中國網約車司機的同鄉社群與就業處境——以廈門為例

Abstract

網約車作為一種不受地域限制的勞動形式，理論上勞動者可於任何城市從事工作，然而，仍有大量外地勞動者持續遷移至廈門投入網約車行業。本文以此現象為出發點，探討外地勞動者為何選擇前往廈門開網約車，以及同鄉社群如何影響其就業選擇、勞動歷程與集體互動。本文透過深度訪談、參與觀察、數位田野及公開資料分析，考察網約車司機的勞動經驗與社會網絡。研究發現，網約車勞動者呈現異質的社經背景與就業曆程，城鄉流動、產業變遷引入的外地司機，勞動處境與職業發展受到個人身份條件與制度性限制。同鄉社群與汽車租賃公司共同形塑勞動者進入平台的路徑，並提供資訊交換、風險分擔與日常互助，但此種集體性主要停留於非正式合作層次。本文回應了平台勞動研究中對勞動遷移與社會網絡關係的討論，說明平台勞動並非僅由演算法治理所形塑，而是城鄉遷移、同鄉社群與平台制度共同作用的結果。

Ride-hailing is a form of platform labor that is theoretically unrestricted by geographical location, allowing drivers to work in any city. Nevertheless, many migrant workers continue to relocate to Xiamen to engage in ride-hailing services. This study examines why migrant workers choose to work as ride-hailing drivers in Xiamen and how native-place networks shape their employment decisions, labor experiences, and collective interactions. Drawing on in-depth interviews, participant observation, digital ethnography, and documentary analysis, the study finds that ride-hailing attracts workers with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and employment trajectories. Native-place networks, together with vehicle rental companies, facilitate workers' entry into platform labor by providing information, mutual support, and risk-sharing, while collective practices remain largely limited to informal cooperation. This study argues that platform labor is shaped not only by algorithmic governance but also by the interaction of rural–urban migration, native-place networks, and platform institutions, contributing to the understanding of labor migration and social networks in the platform economy.