國際會計處理準則對建設公司財務報表及經營績效的影響

Abstract

因應全球化時代之來臨，財團法人中華民國會計研究發展基金會近年來已陸續參酌國際會計處理準則（IFRSs）研修相關財務會計準則公報，惟邇來國際會計處理準則已成為全球資本市場之單一準則，直接採用（adoption）國際會計處理準則亦成為國際資本市場之趨勢，截至目前為止全球計有超過115個國家已要求或計劃要求當地企業直接採用國際會計處理準則編製財務報告。中華民國金融監督管理委員會亦規定上市、上櫃公司自2013年開始適用國際會計處理準則，自2012年須依國際會計處理準則編製擬制性財務資訊於財報中揭露。上市建設公司依目前會計研究發展基金會頒訂「長期工程合約」會計處理準則公報，無論在工程合約定義、工程收入認列原則、工程成本認列原則、或有損失評估基礎、估計變動處理、遞延行銷費用處理，以及存貨評價方式等，與國際會計處理準則間原存在一定程度的差異。 本論文之研究方法係採敘述性研究方式，參酌國內及國際會計處理準則有關工程合約所發布之公報及報導解釋，探討與建設公司相關適用之準則變化及適用要點，並以國內上市建設公司最近年度財務報表為範例，彙整及試算報表應調整項目及對財務結果的影響數，藉以提出對相關公司、投資人建議及可能產生問題因應建議。 由個案建設公司97及98年度財務報表依國際會計處理準則重新計算後，發現對財務資訊報導將產生重大影響項目，包括： 一、股東權益將下降 二、營業收入、當期損益及每股盈餘等波動加劇 三、負債比例提高 建設公司在國際會計處理準則適用時，不僅對財務資訊報導產生重大衝擊，對經營績效衡量及營運模式亦將產生重大影響，對此建設公司、主管機關及融資或投資者，均應審慎評估適用新準則後所面臨的問題。本研究建議建設公司在現金流量上應審慎評估每一建案現金收支預算，維持良善的財務結構；在代銷合同及佣金支付上應配合收入認列時點重新規劃相關條款；在財務報導上務必配合金管會規定依照進度適時並充分揭露採用國際會計處理準則後之相關訊息及報表內容。並建議主管機關對建設公司在國際會計處理準則適用之規範上應釐定主管機關及會計研究基金會之權責及對於有爭議之會計處理之解釋管道；對建設公司財務報導應揭露事項應予以明確規定以避免建設公司各自表述。最後建議融資者或投資者更應謹慎評估建設公司資產品質及營業活動產生現金流量是否正常，且財務報表揭露或有損失風險，作為授信及投資決策參考。

To face the globalization era in the world, Taiwan Accounting Research and Development Foundation continuously researched and revised the financial accounting principles and related standards in accordance with the concept of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in those years. However, the IFRSs became an exclusive accounting principle gradually, so the “directly adoption of IFRS” by the companies become a trend in the capital market globally. Till now, the enterprises of over 115 countries in the world have been required or planned to adapt IFRS directly for preparation their financial reports. The Financial Supervisory Commission of Executive Yuan, ROC also regulated all public listed companies by main board or listed companies of Taiwan GreTai counter in Taiwan should formally adapt IFRS since FY2013. Therefore since FY2012, all public listed companies should prepare the Performa financial information which would be disclosed in their financial reports. When a listed construction company adapted Taiwan GAAP, which were issued by Accounting Research and Development Foundation in Taiwan, of which accounting principles have existed somewhat differences with the concepts of IFRS. And the existed differences are related to the “definition of construction contract, construction revenue recognition, construction cost recognition, evaluation of contingent loss, accounting estimation change, deferred marketing expenditures and inventory evaluation and etc.” My thesis adapted the narrative research approach, and it referring to domestic or international accounting principles regarding to the construction contracts which are the issued generally accepted accounting principles with further interpretations. They all been probed into suitable main points about some variation topics regarding to the financial reports of construction companies as the examples, thus I summarized the trial balances which some accounts had been adjusted and showed financial results with its impacted amount. Therefore I also proposed some suggestions to those construction companies and to their investors in accordance to those problems. Due to the construction companies (a company with construction projects) adapted with IFRS in FY2008 and FY2009 by my recalculation, and we found some material impacts listed as followed, 1. The stockholder equity decreased 2. Operational revenue, current income/loss and the earning per share fluctuated. 3. Liability ration increased When the adoption of IFRS by the construction companies, it not only has material impact over financial information but it also has hugely influence over their operation performance and their operational models respectively. Therefore the construction companies, supervisory organizations or their financing institutes or investors should cautiously evaluate all confronted problems after they adopted IFRS. Thus my thesis is suggesting that the construction company should carefully evaluate the budged cash flow for each construction project for maintaining a healthy financial structure; especially they need to re-arrange the related articles or teams in their outsourced-selling contracts with related commission payments, which should comply with matching principles of its revenue recognition. Especially in disclosure of financial reports, the construction companies have to follow the regulations by Financial Supervisory Commission of Executive Yuan, ROC for full disclosure of related information with necessary reporting content when adopting of IFRS, which would be based on their achieved percentage of processed schedule. So I also suggested the supervisory organizations should clarify the responsibility of Taiwan Accounting Research and Development Foundation and the responsibility of supervisory organizations respectively. Once any disputes happened, the supervisory organizations have to build a formal explanation or interpretation channel for the construction company. To avoid the construction companies will indicate their opinions or interpretations respectively; the supervisory organizations should clearly stipulate the necessary content in details which should be fully disclosed in their financial reports by a construction company. At final, I’m also suggesting that the financial institute (loan lender) or their investor should carefully evaluate the assets’ quality of a construction company and then have to verify whether the cash flow from its operation is normal or not? In addition, the contingent loss and related risk in the company’s financial reports should be fully disclosed, which would be the solid reference for a credit approval by the financial institute or a further investing decision making by the investor subsequently.