內生對手配對對競爭行為之影響：性別顯著競賽的實驗證據

Abstract

利用雙人塔洛克競賽，本研究探討性別顯著性以及選擇對手的可能性如何影響競爭環境中的努力程度。我們採用受試者間設計，將受試者隨機指派到以下三個情境之一：(1) 無性別資訊，無選擇對手可能、(2)揭露性別資訊，無選擇對手可能、(3) 揭露性別資訊，可根據性別選擇對手。我們也收集了其他可能影響競爭行為性別差異的變數，包含風險偏好以及內隱性別刻板印象。

我們採用一個簡單的競賽模型，其中玩家對獲勝的非貨幣價值存在差異，並假設女性對獲勝的重視程度高於男性。與此框架一致，當性別身份公開並顯著時，我們發現無論男女在面對同性對手時出價都高於異性對手，而當性別隱藏時則未出現此差異。另外，當受試者可以自由選擇對手時，出價亦呈現上升趨勢，但未達統計顯著性。

這些發現凸顯了性別身分顯著性與配對規則，如何影響教育與勞動市場等競爭環境中的努力程度。

This thesis examines how gender salience and the possibility of choosing one's opponent shape competitive effort in a two-player Tullock contest. Using a between-subjects design, participants are randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (1) no information and no choice of opponents, (2) gender information provided but no choice of opponents, and (3) gender information provided with the ability to choose opponents. We also include variables that may help explain gender differences in competitive behavior, such as risk preferences and gender stereotypes.

We use a simple contest model in which players differ in their non-monetary value of winning and hypothesize that women place a higher value on winning than men. Consistent with this framework, when gender is revealed, we find both men and women bid more against same-gender than against opposite-gender opponents, whereas no such differences arise when gender is concealed. Across all treatments, bids are systematically above the symmetric Nash benchmark. Bids also tend to be higher under endogenous than exogenous matching, although these differences are not statistically significant.

These findings highlight the role of identity salience and matching rules in shaping effort in competitive environments such as education and labor markets.