初探自由法運動：論 Hermann Ulrich Kantorowicz自由法理論

Abstract

本研究旨在運用文本詮釋的方法，系統性考察Hermann Kantorowicz自由法理論之核心要點。自由法運動（Freirechtsbewegung）發生於二十世紀初，作為一場方法論上的變革，其矛頭指向彼時盛行的概念法學與制定法實證主義，眾多學者各自發展出不同面貌的自由法理論，其中尤以Eugen Ehrlich、Ernst Fuchs與Hermann Kantorowicz三人之理論版本最受學界矚目。 就Kantorowicz自由法理論的縱向演變而言，本文主張將其思想歷程劃分為前期與後期兩個階段。前期理論以Kantorowicz於1906年出版之《為法學而鬥爭》（Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft）為核心文本。在這本論戰性的小冊子中，Kantorowicz提出了其自由法理論的初步構想：一方面，他揭示了自由法理論的相對主義基礎；另一方面，他主張法律的漏洞應由一種存在於社會生活之中、尚未經立法機構正式轉化為實定法的「自由法」加以填補。進入後期，Kantorowicz則以「概念實用主義」（Begriffspragmatismus）為方法論基礎，援引語言分析的進路建構其法理論，並提出六種法律類型之分類，以更為完整的理論架構回應「法律是什麼」此一根本問題。 Kantorowicz的自由法理論，與法律社會學及美國法律現實主義兩大領域之間存在深刻的橫向關聯。Kantorowicz在德國社會學大會所發表的一篇報告，後續對Max Weber與Hans Kelsen兩位學者產生了顯著影響，促使他們將自由法運動的元素轉化進各自的理論體系之中。與此同時，Kantorowicz之理論及自由法運動的相關著作，亦在Roscoe Pound等人的引介之下，成為滋養美國法律現實主義的重要思想資源。 最後，就自由法的歷史淵源而言，根據Kantorowicz自身的考察，自由法之思想脈絡可上溯至古典時期的希臘哲學與羅馬法中的衡平法傳統。歷史法學派內部的理論演變，則為日後羅馬法學派與日耳曼法學派之間的分歧，乃至於概念法學派與自由法學派兩大陣營的相互對立，埋下了伏筆。

This study employs the method of textual interpretation to conduct a systematic examination of the core tenets of Hermann Kantorowicz's free law theory. The Free Law Movement (Freirechtsbewegung) emerged in the early twentieth century as a methodological revolt against the then-dominant conceptual jurisprudence (Begriffsjurisprudenz) and statutory positivism, and its influence continues to reverberate in contemporary legal science. Numerous scholars developed distinct versions of free law theory, among which the contributions of Eugen Ehrlich, Ernst Fuchs, and Hermann Kantorowicz have attracted the most sustained scholarly attention. With respect to Kantorowicz's version of free law theory, this study proposes to divide his intellectual trajectory into two phases: an early period and a late period. The early phase centers on Kantorowicz's 1906 polemical tract, Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft (The Battle for Legal Science). In this combative pamphlet, Kantorowicz set forth his preliminary vision of free law theory: on the one hand, he exposed the relativist foundations underlying the theory; on the other, he argued that gaps in the law ought to be filled by a form of "free law". That is, law which exists within the fabric of social life but has not yet been formally enacted into positive law by the legislature. In the later phase, Kantorowicz shifted toward constructing his legal theory on the methodological foundation of "conceptual pragmatism" (Begriffspragmatismus), drawing on the tools of linguistic analysis. He further proposed a sixfold classification of legal types, offering a more complete theoretical framework in response to the foundational question: what is law? Kantorowicz's free law theory bears profound connections to two major fields: the sociology of law and American legal realism. A paper delivered by Kantorowicz at the German Sociological Congress exerted a significant influence on Max Weber and Hans Kelsen, prompting each to incorporate elements of the Free Law Movement into their respective theoretical frameworks. At the same time, the writings of Kantorowicz and the Free Law Movement were introduced by Roscoe Pound and others to American legal scholarship, where they came to serve as an important intellectual source nourishing the development of American legal realism. Finally, regarding the historical origins of free law, Kantorowicz's own inquiry traces its intellectual lineage back to classical Greek philosophy and the tradition of aequitas in Roman law. The internal theoretical transformations within the Historical School of Law, in turn, planted the seeds for the subsequent divergence between the Romanist and Germanist factions, and ultimately for the polarization between the Free Law School and the conceptual jurisprudence.