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  1. NTU Theses and Dissertations Repository
  2. 法律學院
  3. 法律學系
請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件: http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/102186
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor許恒達zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisorHeng-da Hsuen
dc.contributor.author林伯軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorPo-Hsuan Linen
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-08T16:07:28Z-
dc.date.available2026-04-09-
dc.date.copyright2026-04-08-
dc.date.issued2026-
dc.date.submitted2026-04-01-
dc.identifier.citation一、 中文文獻
(一) 專書
George J. Stigler(著),潘振民(譯)(1991),《產業組織和政府管制》,五南。
Richard Caves(著),周添城(譯)(1992),《美國產業之結構行為績效》,國立編譯館。
Robert S. Pindyck, Daniel L. Rubinfeld(著)(2019),游慧光、林恭正(譯),《個體經濟學》,9版,華泰文化。
王皇玉(2024),《刑法總則》,10版,新學林。
林山田,刑法通論(上),增訂10版,2008年,元照。
法務部(2018),《公民與政治權利國際公約經濟社會文化權利國際公約一般性意見》,修訂2版,法務部。
姜皇池(2019),《國際公法導論》,3版,新學林。
陳正倉、林惠玲(2020),《個體經濟學》,2版,雙葉書廊。
陳谷劦、戴孟宜、林晏如、曲靜芳、李喬銘、王緁妶(2017),《個體經濟學》,國立空中大學。
黃榮堅(2012),《基礎刑法學(上)》,4版,元照。
盧映潔(2021),《刑法分則新論》,17版,新學林。
鍾宏彬(2012),《法益理論的憲法基礎》,元照。
(二) 書之篇章
甘添貴(2005),〈刑法新修正之公務員概念〉,收於:台灣刑事法學會(編),《刑法總則修正重點之理論與實務》,頁133-182,台灣刑事法學會。
許玉秀(2006),〈公務員概念的立法定義:第16次修正刑法檢討(第十 條第二項)〉,收於:司法院(編),《新修正刑法論文集》,頁85-129,司法院。
黃勝源(2016),〈習慣在刑事審判中的運用-以台灣原住民舊慣為例〉,收於:林東茂(編),《法務部廖正豪前部長七秩華誕祝壽論文集-刑法卷》,頁1-35,五南。
(三) 期刊論文
Claus Roxin(著),許絲捷(譯)(2012),〈法益討論的新發展〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,211期,頁257-280。
尤重道(2013),〈新刑法公務員之概念與實務見解分析(上)〉,《全國律師》,17卷9期,頁78-91。
王鴻霞、李國海(2012),〈競爭權悖論—兼論競爭法的利益保護觀〉,《法學評論》,174期,頁92-99。
古承宗(2020),〈經濟刑法的保護法益與抽象危險〉,《刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊》,24期,頁1-44。
甘添貴(1992),〈可罰違法性(上)〉,《軍法專刊》,38卷6期,頁2-7。
吳光平(2013),〈論反托拉斯法之域外效力〉,《中華國際法與超國界法評論》,9卷,頁115-138。
吳耀宗(2006),〈評析刑法新修正之公務員概念〉,《中央警察大學法學論集》,11 期,頁107-280。
李伯軍(2009),〈論國際法上「內政」的概念及其發展〉,《法學評論》,27卷2期,頁76-82。
李茂生(2015),〈2014年刑事法發展回顧:刑法謙抑性的再檢視〉,《國立臺灣大學法學論叢》,44卷特刊,頁1507-1533。
林雍昇(2006),〈實質的刑法公務員概念-兼論職務犯罪之保護法益及不法內涵〉,《律師雜誌》,316期,頁69-85。
林雍昇(2008),〈新刑法公務員概念與範圍的再商榷〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,102期,頁192-215。
林雍昇(2009),〈國營事業員工是否為刑法上公務員?-簡評最高法院九七年台上字第三六一○號判決〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,133期,頁249-253。
柯耀程(2010),〈德國刑法公務員概念之發展與檢討-以公務員職務犯罪為詮釋核心〉,《軍法專刊》,56 卷3期,頁4-21。
張天一(2017),〈對「行賄外國公務員罪」之檢視與修正建議-以日本之立法經驗為借鏡〉,《交大法學評論》,2期,頁63-125。
張佳弘(2000),〈從政府管制探討競爭政策〉,《公平交易季刊》,8卷3期,頁1-32。
張明偉(2013),〈刑法上公務員概念之研究-與美國法制之比較〉,《臺北大學法學論叢》,85期,頁89-133。
許恒達(2012),〈從英國2010年新賄賂法談我國反貪污法制修正方向〉,《輔仁法學》,44期,頁51-90。
許恒達(2014),〈賄賂罪之對價關係及證明難題:評最高法院102年度臺上字第4887號刑事判決與其相關裁判〉,《軍法專刊》,60卷2期,頁62-83。
許恒達(2017),〈公務員斡旋賄賂暨影響力交易罪立法芻議〉,《政大法學評論》,150 期,頁113-197。
許恒達(2018),〈商業賄賂罪立法方向評析〉,《檢察新論》,24期,頁48-73。
許恒達(2020),〈行賄外國公務員罪之制裁理由與修正方向〉,《法學叢刊》,65卷4期,頁39-66。
陳守煌、陳荔彤(2013),〈國際刑事管轄權法律制度〉,《法學叢刊》,58卷1期,頁1-44。
彭美英(2005),〈刑法之緊急避難與其他阻卻違法事由之關係──兼論阻卻違法事由之競合〉,《輔仁法學》,30期,頁81-126。
惲純良(2017),〈商業賄賂行為可罰性簡析-以 2015年德國刑法典第 299 條商業賄賂罪之修正為鑑〉,《月旦刑事法評論》,4期,頁72-94。
黃士軒(2024),〈公務員賄賂罪中的職務密切關連行為概念,簡評最高法院 110 年度台上大字第 5217 號刑事裁定〉,《當代法律》,34期,頁91-104。
黃思翰、林志潔(2017),〈我國禁止行賄外國公務員法制之探討〉,《交大法學評論》,1期,頁85-129。
黃榮堅(2009),〈刑法上個別化公務員概念〉,《國立臺灣大學法學論叢》,38卷4期,頁273-334。
蕭宏宜(2012),〈賄賂罪的「職務上行為」概念—兼評最高法院 99 年度台上字第7078號判決〉,《東吳法律學報》,24卷1期,頁87-120。
謝長江(2021),〈初論非經濟效率因素作為競爭法之目的:從秩序自由主義及新布蘭迪斯學派的發展談起〉,《公平交易季刊》,29卷3期,頁119-156。
謝煜偉(2015),〈特殊圖利罪之解釋與立法建議-論貪污治罪條例第六條第一項第五款〉,《政大法學評論》,142期,頁227-279。
謝煜偉(2015),〈論授權公務員概念〉,《國立臺灣大學法學論叢》,44卷3期,頁971-1035。
謝煜偉(2021),〈私部門賄賂之可罰性基礎與規範模式〉,《刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊》,27期,頁119-177。
謝煜偉(2023),〈定分止爭抑或治絲益棼?-評最高法院 110 年度台上大字第 5217 號刑事大法庭裁定暨其本案判決〉,《台灣法律人》,25期,頁143-164。
顏榕(2014),〈論超法規阻卻違法事由-以實質違法性為中心〉,《全國律師》,18卷11期,頁17-27。
(四) 學位論文
林昇聰(2007),《行賄外國公務員罪法制之研究》,私立銘傳大學法律系碩士班碩士論文(未出版),臺北。
王芳凱(2016),《民代賄賂罪之研究—以德國刑法第108e條為中心》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。
林勇麒(2014),《從保護法益論政府採購法之刑事責任—國家法益假象下的競爭秩序守護者》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。
姜妍蓁(2020),《美國聯邦刑事域外管轄的發展與省思-以海外反貪腐法為例》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文(未出版),新竹。
黃士軒(2005),《公務員賄賂罪之構成—以對於其保護法益之探索為核心》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。
(五) 其他
立法院公報處(2003),立法院公報,第92卷第3期院會紀錄,2003年1月。
許恒達(2022),最高法院刑事大法庭 110 年度台上大字第 5217 號刑事裁定鑑定意見書。
(六) 網路資料
夏松明(2020/06/18),〈【評量指標】TAM、SAM、SOM(市場規模評估)〉,載於:https://www.pmtone.com/tam-sam-som/。

二、 英文文獻
(一) 書籍
Biebricher, T., & Vogelmann, F. (2017). The Birth of Austerity: German Ordoliberalism and Contemporary Neoliberalism. Rowman & Littlefield International.
Craven, M. C. R. (1995). The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on Its Development. Clarendon Press.
Currie, R. J. (2010). International & Transnational Criminal Law. Irwin Law.
Dumas, C. (2010). Globalisation Fractures: How Major Nations’ Interests Are Now in Conflict. Profile Books.
Gerber, D. J. (2001). Law and Competition in Twentieth-Century Europe: Protecting Prometheus. Oxford University Press.
Gondek, M. (2009). The Reach of Human Rights in a Globalising World: Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties. Intersentia.
LaFave, W. R. (2010). Principles of Criminal Law (3rd ed.). West Academic Publishing.
Pieth, M. et al. (2014). The OECD Convention on Bribery (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ryngaert, C. (2008). Jurisdiction in International Law. Oxford University Press.
Salomon, M. E. (2007). Global Responsibility for Human Rights: World Poverty and the Development of International Law. Oxford University Press.
Satzger, H. (2018). International and European Criminal Law (2nd ed.). C. H. Beck.
Scherer, F. M. (1980). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. Rand McNally.
Skogly, S. (2006). Beyond National Borders: States’ Human Rights Obligations in International Cooperation. Intersentia.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. (1995). States of Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalization. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization. (2004). A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All. International Labour Office.
Young, I. M. (2011). Responsibility for Justice. Oxford University Press.
(二) 書之篇章
Garcia, F. J., & Osorio Hernández, M. R. (2024). From neoliberalism to ordoliberalism, and beyond: Sustainability and trade governance. In K. Claussen & G. Vidigal (Eds.), The sustainability revolution in international trade agreements (pp. 373–390). Oxford University Press.
Piekutowska, A., & Kużelewska, E. (2018). Economic Refugees: An Analysis of the Phenomenon in the Context of the EU Migration Crisis. In E. Kużelewska, A. Weatherburn, & D. Kloza (Eds.), Irregular Migration as a Challenge for Democracy (pp. 125–137). Intersentia.
Puvimanasinghe, S. (2013). International Solidarity in an Interdependent World. In United Nations (Ed.), Realizing the Right to Development (pp. 179–194). United Nations Publications.
(三) 期刊論文
Ahlborn, C., & Grave, C. (2006). Walter Eucken and Ordoliberalism: An introduction from a consumer welfare perspective. Competition Policy International, 2(2), 197–217.
Alamgir, S. (2001). Good governance: The old, the new, the principle, and the elements. Florida Journal of International Law, 13(2), 159–210.
Bean, B. W., & MacGuidwin, E. H. (2012). Expansive reach—Useless guidance: An introduction to the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, 18(2), 323–346.
Bean, B. W., & MacGuidwin, E. H. (2013). Unscrewing the Inscrutable: The UK Bribery Act 2010. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 23(1), 63–109.
Bliss, J. C., & Spak, G. J. (1989). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1988: Clarification or evisceration. Law and Policy in International Business, 20(3), 441–470.
Bonefeld, W. (2012). Freedom and the strong state: On German Ordoliberalism. New Political Economy, 17(5), 633–656.
Brown, H. L. (1994). The foreign corrupt practices act redux: the anti-bribery provisions of the foreign corrupt practices act. International Tax & Business Lawyer, 12(2), 260-290.
Brown, H. L. (2000). Extraterritorial jurisdiction under the 1998 amendments to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Does the government’s reach now exceed its grasp? North Carolina Journal of International Law, 26(2), 239–360.
Campbell, K. (1984). The test of dishonesty in R. v. Ghosh. Cambridge Law Journal, 43(2), 349–360.
Cohen, J. M., Holland, M. P., & Wolf, A. P. (2008). Under the FCPA, who is foreign official anyway. The Business Lawyer, 63(4), 1243-1274.
Coomans, F. (2011). The extraterritorial scope of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the work of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Law Review, 11(1), 1–35.
Darrough, M. N. (2010). The FCPA and the OECD convention: Some lessons from the U.S. experience. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 255–276.
De la Torre, M. J. (2016). The foreign corrupt practices act: imposing an american definition of corruption on global markets. Cornell International Law Journal, 49(2), 469-496.
De Schutter, O., Eide, A., Khalfan, A., Orellana, M., Salomon, M. E., & Seiderman, I. (2012). Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of economic, social and cultural rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 34(4), 1084–1169.
Diamantis, M. E. (2016). Corporate criminal minds. Notre Dame Law Review, 91(5), 2049–2090.
Dodge, W. S. (2019). Jurisdictional reasonableness under customary international law: The approach of the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law. Questions of International Law: Zoom-In, 62, 5–11.
Dodge, W. S. (2021). A modest approach to the customary international law of jurisdiction. European Journal of International Law, 32(4), 1471–1481.
Duncan, C. J. (2000). The 1998 foreign corrupt practices act amendments: moral empiricism or moral imperialism?. Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 1(2), 1-47.
Fritz, R., Goldschmidt, N., & Störring, M. (2023). Contextual liberalism: The ordoliberal approach to private vices and public benefits. Public Choice, 195(3), 301–322.
Gerber, D. J. (1994). Constitutionalizing the economy: German neo-liberalism, competition law and the “New” Europe. American Journal of Comparative Law, 42(1), 25–84.
Gerber, D. J. (1995). Competition law and international trade: The European Union and the neo-liberal factor. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 4(1), 37–57.
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Globalization and growth. American Economic Review, 105(5), 100–104.
Helenius, D. (2015). The if, how, and when of criminal jurisdiction – What is criminal jurisdiction anyway? Bergen Journal of Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, 3(1), 22–47.
Jessop, B. (2019). Ordoliberalism and neoliberalization: Governing through order or disorder. Critical Sociology, 45(7–8), 967–981.
Jordan, J. (2011). The OECD's call for an end to "corrosive" facilitation payments and the international focus on the facilitation payments exception under the foreign corrupt practices act. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 13(4), 881-926.
Koehler, M. (2012). The story of the foreign corrupt practices act. Ohio State Law Journal, 73(5), 929-1014.
Koehler, M. (2019). Has the FCPA been successful in achieving its objectives? University of Illinois Law Review, 2019(4), 1267–1319.
Laufer, W. S. (1999). Corporate liability, risk shifting, and the paradox of compliance. Vanderbilt Law Review, 52(5), 1343–1420.
Lederman, E. (2000). Models for imposing corporate criminal liability: From adaptation and imitation toward aggregation and the search for self-identity. Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 4(1), 641–708.
Leibold, A. M. (2015). The extraterritorial application of the FCPA under international law. Willamette Law Review, 51(2), 225–268.
Lusty, D. (2012). The meaning of dishonesty in Australia. Criminal Law Journal, 36(1), 282–299.
Müller-Armack, A. (1978). The social market economy as an economic and social order. Review of Social Economy, 36(3), 325–331.
Mutharika, A. P. (1995). The role of international law in the twenty-first century: An African perspective. Fordham International Law Journal, 18(5), 1706–1719.
Ormerod, D. (2007). The Fraud Act 2006—Criminalising Lying? Criminal Law Review, 193–213.
Perlman, R. L., & Sykes, A. O. (2018). The political economy of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Legal Analysis, 9(2), 153–182.
Peters, C. (1984). Bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest: The scope of “public official.” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 75(3), 875–892.
Rahim, H. L., Zainal Abidin, Z., Dang Siew Ping, S., Alias, M. K., & Muhamad, A. I. (2014). Globalization and its effect on world poverty and inequality. Global Journal of Management & Business, 1(2), 8–13.
Ross, L. A. (2012). Using foreign relations law to limit extraterritorial application of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Duke Law Journal, 62(2), 445–485.
Salbu, S. R. (1997). Bribery in the global market: a critical analysis of the foreign corrupt practices act. Washington and Lee Law Review, 54(1), 229-290.
Salbu, S. R. (1999). Extraterritorial restriction of bribery: A premature evocation of the normative global village. Yale Journal of International Law, 24, 223–255.
Salbu, S. R. (1999). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act as a threat to global harmony. Michigan Journal of International Law, 20(3), 419–449.
Sepúlveda, M. (2006). Obligations of ‘International Assistance and Cooperation’ in an Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 24(2), 271–303.
Søreide, T. (2014). Corruption and competition: Fair markets as an anticorruption device. Nagoya University Journal of Law and Politics, 258, 237–262.
Steel, A. (2010). Describing dishonest means: The implications of seeing “dishonesty” as a course of conduct or mental element and the parallels with indecency. Adelaide Law Review, 31(1), 7–45.
Stessens, G. (2001). The international fight against corruption. International Review of Penal Law, 72(3–4), 891–937.
Strauss, E. N. (2013). Easing out the FCPA facilitation payment exception. Boston University Law Review, 93(1), 235-274.
Voetelink, J. (2013). Status of forces and criminal jurisdiction. Netherlands International Law Review, 60(2), 231–250.
Warin, F. J., Falconer, C., & Diamant, M. S. (2010). The British are coming!: Britain changes its law on foreign bribery and joins the international fight against corruption. Texas International Law Journal, 46(1), 1–72.
Wilder, M., & Ahrens, M. (2001). Australia’s implementation of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in international business transactions. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2(2), 568–587.
Witherspoon, R. A. (1983). Multinational corporations-governmental regulation of business ethics under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977: An analysis. Dickinson Law Review, 87(3), 531–593.
Yeoh, P. (2012). The UK Bribery Act 2010: Contents and implications. Journal of Financial Crime, 19(1), 37–53.
Zacher, H. F. (1982). Social market economy, social policy, and the law. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 138(3), 367–388.
(四) 討論論文
Behrens, P. (2014). The ‘consumer choice’ paradigm in German ordoliberalism and its impact upon EU competition law (Europa-Kolleg Hamburg Discussion Paper No. 1/14). Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, Institute for European Integration.
Feld, L. P., Köhler, E. A., & Nientiedt, D. (2021). Ordoliberalism and the social market economy (Freiburger Diskussionspapiere zur Ordnungsökonomik No. 21/5). Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Allgemeine Wirtschaftsforschung, Abteilung für Wirtschaftspolitik und Ordnungsökonomik.
Gisselquist, R. M. (2012). Good Governance as a Concept, and Why This Matters for Development Policy (WIDER Working Paper No. 2012/30). United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER).
Goldschmidt, N. (2004). Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard: Social market liberalism (Freiburger Diskussionspapiere zur Ordnungsökonomik No. 04/12). Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Allgemeine Wirtschaftsforschung, Abteilung für Wirtschaftspolitik.
Vanberg, V. J. (2004). The Freiburg School: Walter Eucken and ordoliberalism (Freiburger Diskussionspapiere zur Ordnungsökonomik No. 04/11). Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Allgemeine Wirtschaftsforschung, Abteilung für Wirtschaftspolitik.
(五) 聯合國相關文件
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (1990). General comment No. 3: The nature of States parties’ obligations (Art. 2, para. 1, of the Covenant) (U.N. Doc. E/1991/23). United Nations.
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Rizki, R. M. (2010). Report of the Independent Expert on Human Rights and International Solidarity (U.N. Doc. A/HRC/15/32). United Nations.
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (2009). What is good governance? United Nations. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf
United Nations Secretary-General. (2005). In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All (U.N. Doc. A/59/2005). United Nations.
(六) 經合組織相關文件
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1997, December 21). Commentaries on the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/convention-on-combating-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-in-international-business-transactions_2bfa620e-en.html
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1999). Phase 1 report: United States – Review of implementation of the Convention and 1997 Recommendation: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f59cb194-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1999). Phase 1 report: Australia – Review of implementation of the Convention and 1997 Recommendation. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/530c2fd2-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2002). Phase 2 report: United States – Report on the application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a9c3f1d3-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2006). Phase 2 report: Australia – Report on the application of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/8c3570d3-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2009, November 26). Recommendation of the Council for further combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions (C(2009)159/REV1/FINAL). OECD Publishing. https://one.oecd.org/document/C(2009)159/REV1/FINAL/en/pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2010). Phase 1ter report: United Kingdom – Review of implementation of the Convention and 1997 Recommendation: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f869de88-en.
(七) 外國政府文件
Attorney-General's Department. (2019). Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee: Crimes Legislation Amendment (Combatting Corporate Crime) Bill 2019. Australian Attorney-General’s Department.
Attorney-General's Department. (2023). Submission to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee: Crimes Legislation Amendment (Combatting Foreign Bribery) Bill 2023. Australian Attorney-General’s Department.
Australia, Parliament. (1999). Criminal Code Amendment (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Bill 1999: Explanatory memorandum. Commonwealth of Australia.
Australia, Parliament. (2023). Crimes Legislation Amendment (Combatting Foreign Bribery) Bill 2023: Explanatory memorandum. Commonwealth of Australia.
Australia–Africa Mining Industry Group. (2011). Submission to public consultation paper: Assessing the “facilitation payments” defence to the foreign bribery offence and other measures (Submission No. 7 to Senate Economics References Committee). Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Foreign_Bribery/Submissions
Cole, J. (2009). Memorandum submitted to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill (BB 39), H.L. Paper No. 115 / H.C. Paper No. 430. Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/115/115we53.htm
Confederation of British Industry. (2009). Additional memorandum submitted to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill (BB 46), H.L. Paper No. 115 / H.C. Paper No. 430. Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/memo/430/ucm4602.htm
Export Council of Australia. (2015). Submission to the Senate Economics References Committee inquiry on foreign bribery (Submission No. 30 to Senate Economics References Committee). Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Foreign_Bribery/Submissions
H.R. Rep. No. 95-640. (1977). United States House of Representatives. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-fraud/legacy/2010/04/11/houseprt-95-640.pdf
Horder, J. (2009). Additional memorandum submitted to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill (BB 06), H.L. Paper No. 115 / H.C. Paper No. 430. Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/memo/430/ucm0602.htm
Horder, J. (2009). Additional memorandum submitted to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill (BB 21), H.L. Paper No. 115 / H.C. Paper No. 430. Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/memo/430/ucm2102.htm
Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill. (2009). First report of session 2008–09 (H.L. Paper No. 115-I / H.C. Paper No. 430-I). Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/115/115i.pdf
Law Commission. (2008). Reforming bribery (Law Com No. 313). The Stationery Office (UK).
Law Council of Australia. (2020). Submission to the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Combatting Corporate Crime) Bill 2019. Law Council of Australia.
Regnan. (2015). Submission: Inquiry into foreign bribery (Submission No. 13 to Senate Economics References Committee). Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Foreign_Bribery/Submissions
S. Rep. No. 105-277. (1998). United States Senate. https://www.justice.gov/file/509131/dl
S. Rep. No. 95-114. (1977). United States Senate. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-fraud/legacy/2010/04/11/senaterpt-95-114.pdf
Senate Economics References Committee. (2018). Foreign bribery. Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Foreignbribery45th/Report
Serious Fraud Office. (2009). Memorandum submitted to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bribery Bill (BB 14), H.L. Paper No. 115 / H.C. Paper No. 430. Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtbribe/memo/430/ucm1402.htm
U.K. Ministry of Justice. (2009). Bribery: Government response to the conclusions and recommendations of the Joint Committee report on the Draft Bribery Bill (Cm 7748). The Stationery Office (UK). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c639740f0b626628abb7c/7748.pdf
U.K. Ministry of Justice. (2009). The draft Bribery Bill (Cm. 7570). Government of the United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228945/7570.pdf
U.K. Ministry of Justice. (2011). Bribery Act 2010: Guidance about procedures which commercial organisations can put in place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing (Section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010). Government of the United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d80cfc3ed915d51e9aff85a/bribery-act-2010-guidance.pdf
U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division & U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Enforcement Division. (2020). A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (2nd ed.). The United States Department of Justice and the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-fraud/fcpa-resource-guide
UK Parliament. (2010). Bribery Bill [HL] 2009–10, Bill 3: Explanatory notes. The Stationery Office (UK).
Woodside Petroleum Ltd. (2015). Inquiry into foreign bribery (Submission No. 4 to Senate Economics References Committee). Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Foreign_Bribery/Submissions
(八) 法院裁判
Bersch v. Drexel Firestone, Inc., 519 F.2d 974 (2d Cir. 1975).
Dixson v. United States, 465 U.S. 482 (1984).
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A., 542 U.S. 155 (2004).
Friend v. Hertz Corp., 297 F. App’x 690 (9th Cir. 2008).
Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764 (1993).
Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77 (2010).
IIT v. Vencap, Ltd., 519 F.2d 1001 (2d Cir. 1975).
McDonnell v. United States, 579 U.S. 550 (2016).
Morrison v. Nat'l Austl. Bank LTD., 561 U.S. 247 (2010).
Pty. Ltd. v. Pac. Oilseeds, Inc., 592 F.2d 409 (8th Cir. 1979).
Sec. & Exch. Comm'n v. Jackson, 908 F. Supp. 2d 834 (S.D. Tex. 2012).
Sec. & Exch. Comm'n v. Kasser, 548 F.2d 109 (3d Cir. 1977).
Sec. & Exch. Comm'n v. Straub, 921 F. Supp. 2d 244 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).
Stichting Ter Behartiging Van De Belangen Van Oudaandeelhouders in Het Kapitaal Van Saybolt Int'l B.V. v. Schreiber, 327 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003).
United States v. Aguilar, 742 F. Supp. 3d 322 (E.D.N.Y. 2024).
United States v. Bailey, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29251 (D.D.C. Feb. 21, 2023).
United States v. Castle, 925 F.2d 831 (5th Cir. 1991).
United States v. Esquenazi, 752 F.3d 912 (11th Cir. 2014).
United States v. Firtash, 392 F. Supp. 3d 872 (N.D. Ill. 2019).
United States v. Hoskins, 902 F.3d 69 (2d Cir. 2018).
United States v. Johnson, 621 F.2d 1073 (10th Cir. 1980).
United States v. Kay, 359 F.3d 738 (5th Cir. 2004).
United States v. Kay, 513 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. 2007).
United States v. Kozeny, 582 F. Supp. 2d 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).
United States v. Kozeny, 667 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2011).
United States v. Oztemel, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116355 (D. Conn. July 2, 2024).
United States v. Rooney, 37 F.3d 847 (2d Cir. 1994).
United States v. Seng, 934 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019).
Zoelsch v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 824 F.2d 27 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
(九) 其他
Carter, J. (1977, December 20). Foreign Corrupt Practices and Investment Disclosure Bill: Statement on signing S. 305 into law. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/243095
Maastricht Guidelines. (1997, January 26). Maastricht Guidelines on violations of economic, social and cultural rights. https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/Maastrichtguidelines_.html
Maastricht Principles. (2011, September 28). Maastricht Principles on extraterritorial obligations of States in the area of economic, social and cultural rights. https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/maastricht-eto-principles-uk_web.pdf
Mansoor, S. (2024, February 19). Jimmy Carter’s legacy of moral clarity. TIME. https://time.com/6994984/jimmy-carter-legacy-moral-clarity/
Nambuya, S. S. (2016, April 24). How corruption distorts fair competition in markets (Unpublished manuscript). https://www.academia.edu/30329057/How_Corruption_distorts_Fair_Competition_in_Markets
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). About Good Governance. https://www.ohchr.org/en/good-governance/about-good-governance
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dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/102186-
dc.description.abstract1977年,美國制定了《海外反腐敗法(FCPA)》,此一世界上首部明確禁止個人、企業於境外行賄外國公務員之規範,並進一步推動1997年經合組織《禁止在國際貿易中行賄外國公務員公約》之誕生。我國亦於2003年相應制定行賄外國公務員罪。
然而,本罪尚未明確揭示其保護法益之具體內涵、形成回應外國賄賂之實質理由,以及建立起一套具體而明確之規範架構。因此,有針對其輪廓再次描繪與對其構成要件界限重新建構之必要。
本文透過對於本罪設立目的之考察、比較法之參照,以及構成要件之限縮,而確定本罪應是保護公平競爭秩序此一保護法益。
而公平競爭秩序,係在交易市場經濟體系下,經濟活動的基本排序模組,並為支撐該體系運作可能之核心要素。因其非為自然秩序狀態,而有必要透過規範對其加以確保。其中,確保競爭秩序之可持續性運作,不僅有助於實現資源最適配置亦能使競爭市場發揮實現人民社會生活之機能,而得作為適格的保護法益;行賄外國公務員,即是為換取公權力介入市場,而透過對於市場資源、條件與行為之高權支配,進而干擾、影響競爭秩序之穩定運行。
而本罪之所以需回應外國賄賂情況,並以此守護外國競爭秩序,其理由在於確保競爭秩序之可持續性運作將有助於海外市場有效、穩定提供外國人民必要基本條件,並在公平自由的基礎上形成促進其實現基本權利的空間;然在全球化下,人權危害情況之產生,往往超出個別國家的控制能力,及應置於全球化視角理解其產生流程。於此,需要基於國際團結理念之跨領域合作協助,以跨領域實現普世人權,並維護有助於實現權利之制度秩序。其中,國際團結合作不僅改善外國在地條件,也應有助於提升各國的整體利益,而應符合各國之理性自利;且要求國家進行國際團結合作非純粹之道德訴求,而正是國家履行域外保護義務,此一具體之國家域外人權保障國際法義務的展現。其要求國家透過制裁等多種國家手段,針對其可得控制或管轄之非國家行為者,防堵其所可能造成的人權危害情況。而禁止可得管轄之行賄行為人輸出對他國經濟體系之有害風險,正式履行此義務之具體事例。
在本罪之適用上,需具體反映行為人所形成的市場運作失靈危險與侵害人類基本權利間之損害關聯性,而尚需觀察公權力介入市場對外國人民賴以實現權利的基本條件之影響程度。以體現本罪是為守護外國人民之基本條件與基本權利所進行的國際團結合作,而是我國對於域外人權保障義務之具體履行。
構成要件上,外國公務員身分須由實質觀點認定,以反映個人與國家間之權力賦予關係,且其職務權限需具有高權性質,而得以對外產生變動效用;關於職務行為,除於解釋時需掌握公務員之行為活動必須能夠落入其有決定處理權限之事務領域。尚需劃定一條職務執行方式之可容許界線,以確立該方式確有干擾競爭秩序之可能;將行賄事項限縮於與商業市場競爭有關,係為將職務行為行使場域明確限定於競爭市場,以反映其對競爭秩序之影響;此外,若構成要件行為受外國當地成文法明文承認、允許,應增設阻卻違法事由以包容各領域市場透過規範所明文呈現之容許行為界限歧異,而不否定於外國市場具體運作框架中所蘊含之價值選擇,並不阻礙外國之所以調整市場運作框架之公共利益目的實現;而針對不符合刑事制裁最低程度要求之提供疏通費行為,應得認其不具可罰違法性。
關於本罪之管轄權,我國僅能就發生於我國境內之行賄行為,以及基於境外行為人具我國國籍身分,而認為我國與該涉外賄賂案件間具有實在關聯,亦即具有足夠的利益連結關係,從而於國際法上,得以據此建立對其管轄之正當權限。
並且,為避免行使涉外管轄權所可能帶來之各種風險與問題,於國內法層次需對管轄權為進一步之合理限縮適用。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstractIn 1977, the United States enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the world’s first statute that explicitly prohibited individuals and companies from bribing foreign public officials abroad. This pioneering legislation further spurred the adoption of the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. In response to this international development, our country likewise established the offense of bribing a foreign public official in 2003.
Nevertheless, the specific protected legal interest (Rechtsgut) of this offense has yet to be clearly defined, nor have the substantive justifications for addressing foreign bribery and the establishment of a concrete and coherent normative framework been adequately articulated. Hence, it is necessary to redraw the contours of this offense and reconstruct the boundaries of its constituent elements.
Through an examination of the legislative purpose of this offense, reference to comparative law, and a narrowing of its constituent elements, this article identifies the order of fair competition as the appropriate protected legal interest of the offense.
The order of fair competition serves as the basic sequencing module for economic activity within a market-exchange economy and constitutes a core element that sustains the operation of such a system. Because it is not a naturally occurring order, it requires regulatory safeguards. Ensuring the sustainable functioning of the competitive order not only promotes the optimal allocation of resources but also enables the competitive market to fulfill its social function of supporting the people’s economic and social life, thereby qualifying it as an appropriate object of legal protection. Bribing a foreign public official represents an exchange of benefits designed to induce public power to intervene in the market; by exercising high-handed control over market resources, conditions, and conduct, such intervention disrupts and affects the stable operation of the competitive order.
The need for this offense to respond to foreign bribery—and thereby to safeguard the competitive order in foreign jurisdictions—lies in the reasoning that ensuring the sustainable functioning of the competitive order enables the overseas market to provide essential basic conditions to foreign populations effectively and stably, thereby creating—on the foundation of fairness and freedom—a space conducive to the realization of their fundamental rights. Under globalization, however, the emergence of human-rights harms often exceeds the regulatory capacity of individual states and must be understood in the context of globalized processes. In this regard, cross-sectoral cooperation grounded in the principle of international solidarity is necessary to achieve universal human rights across domains and to maintain the institutional order essential for realizing these rights.
International solidarity and cooperation should not merely improve local conditions in foreign jurisdictions but also enhance the collective interests of all states, thus aligning with each country’s rational self-interest. Moreover, requiring states to engage in such cooperation is not merely a moral appeal; it constitutes a concrete manifestation of the state’s extraterritorial obligation to protect, an international legal obligation concerning the protection of human rights abroad. This duty obliges a state, through various measures such as supervision and sanctions, to prevent human-rights harms that may be caused by non-state actors under its control or jurisdiction. The prohibition against readily controllable bribe-payers exporting harmful risks to the economic systems of other countries represents a concrete example of fulfilling this obligation.
In the application of this crime, it is essential to specifically reflect the causal nexus to harm between the risk of market failure created by the actor and the basic rights of humanity. This requires observing the degree to which the intervention of public power in the market affects the basic conditions upon which foreign individuals rely for the realization of their rights. This demonstrates that the crime is a measure of international solidarity cooperation undertaken to safeguard the basic conditions and fundamental rights of foreign members, thus representing this jurisdiction's concrete fulfillment of its extraterritorial human rights protection obligation.
Regarding the constituent elements, the status of the foreign public official must be determined from a substantive perspective to reflect the relationship of power endowment between the individual and the state. Furthermore, the official authority must be of a sovereign (hoheitlicher) nature, capable of producing external legal effects. With respect to the official duty act, interpretation must ensure that the official’s conduct falls within the scope of matters over which they possess decision-making and managerial authority. It is also necessary to delineate a permissible boundary for the mode of performing the duty in order to confirm that the method employed indeed has the potential to interfere with the competitive order.
Limiting the subject matter of the bribe to matters related to commercial market competition serves to explicitly confine the exercise of official authority to the competitive market, thereby reflecting its impact on the competitive order. Furthermore, where the conduct constituting the offense is expressly recognized or permitted under the written law of the local jurisdiction, a ground of justification should be introduced to accommodate the diverse boundaries of permissible conduct reflected in different market regulations. This approach prevents the negation of the value choices embedded in the concrete operational framework of the foreign market and avoids obstructing the realization of the public-interest objectives underlying the regulatory adjustments of that market framework. Moreover, acts involving facilitating payments that do not meet the minimum threshold for criminal sanctions should be regarded as lacking punishable unlawfulness.
With respect to jurisdiction, our country may exercise jurisdiction only over acts of bribery that occur within our national territory and, with regard to acts committed abroad by individuals of our nationality, where there exists a genuine connection—namely, a sufficient nexus of interest—between our country and the foreign bribery case. On this basis, jurisdiction can be legitimately established under international law.
Furthermore, to avoid the various risks and issues that may arise from exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction, a further reasonable limitation on the application of jurisdiction is required at the domestic law level.
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dc.description.tableofcontents謝辭 I
中文摘要 V
英文摘要 VII
目次 X
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第一項 行賄外國公務員罪之立法沿革 1
第二項 問題意識 4
第二節 研究範圍及研究方法 8
第三節 論文架構 10
第二章 現行法之疑義 12
第一節 保護法益之探討 12
第一項 我國之國家形象 12
第二項 我國與外國之和平外交關係 14
第三項 建立禁止貪腐的行為誡命 15
第四項 純粹保護外國之公務體系 19
第五項 保護國際商業貿易中之公平競爭秩序 24
第二節 構成要件解釋疑義 29
第一項 行為對象 29
第一款 依外國法解釋之難處 29
第二款 依我國法之概念自為解釋之難處 31
第三款 外國公務員身分之再界定必要 35
第二項 職務行為 35
第一款 職務行為之範圍 35
第二款 影響力作為職務行為一環? 38
第三款 職務行為之執行標準 40
第三項 跨區貿易、投資或其他商業活動有關事項 42
第四項 行為符合外國當地成文法之阻卻違法事由 43
第五項 管轄權 44
第一款 於我國領域內之行為 44
第二款 於我國領域外之行為 44
第三款 本罪適用效力範圍之觀察 44
第三節 小結 48
第一項 保護法益之再描繪必要 48
第二項 構成要件與規範適用效力範圍之再建構必要 49
第三章 比較法之觀察 52
第一節 經合組織《禁止在國際貿易中行賄外國公務員公約》 52
第一項 公約宗旨 52
第二項 行為對象 53
第一款 外國公務員 53
第一目 外國 53
第二目 公務員 53
壹、身分公務員 54
貳、功能公務員 55
一、授權 55
二、從事公共利益活動 58
第二款 公共國際組織之公務員 58
第三項 行為對價 59
第一款 於職務履行有關之行為活動範疇 60
第二款 於職務履行有關之作為或不作為是否包含不違背職務之公務行為活動 61
第四項 行賄目的:在國際商業活動中獲得或維持商業或其他不當利益 63
第五項 行為符合外國當地成文法之除罪抗辯事由 64
第六項 提供疏通費之除罪抗辯事由 65
第七項 管轄權 67
第二節 美國《反海外貪腐法》 69
第一項 立法目的 69
第一款 樹立在商業交易中所應持的商業道德準則 69
第二款 維持良好的外交關係 70
第三款 維護國際競爭市場 71
第二項 行為主體 72
第三項 行為對象 76
第一款 外國公務員 77
第一目 身分公務員 78
第二目 功能公務員 81
第二款 外國政黨、政黨人員及任何外國政治候選人 83
第四項 受賄罪之排除—外國公務員無成立本罪之可能性 85
第五項 職務行為 88
第一款 影響該外國公務員依其公務身份所為的任何行為或決定 89
第二款 誘使該外國官員從事任何違背其法定職務的作為或不作為 91
第三款 影響該外國官員依其公務身份所為的任何行為或決定,與誘使該外國官員從事任何違背其法定職務之行為間的差異 92
第四款 獲取不正當利益 94
第五款 誘使該外國官員利用其在外國政府的影響力以影響該政府的任何行為或決定 95
第六項 商業目的測試方法 97
第七項 貪腐意圖 101
第八項 提供疏通費之除外條款 104
第九項 行為符合外國當地成文法之阻卻事由 108
第十項 管轄權 111
第一款 領土管轄 111
第二款 積極屬人管轄 115
第三款 觀察 115
第四款 涉外管轄之美國法律原則:《美國對外關係法》之管轄合理性原則 117
第一目 《美國對外關係法》第三彙編 117
壹、內容 117
貳、《第三彙編》合理管轄具體因素之實際適用 118
參、權衡考量之國際法地位質疑 121
第二目 第四彙編 122
壹、內容 122
一、國際法層面 122
二、國內法層面 123
第三目 《美國對外關係法》之觀察 125
第三節 英國《反賄賂法》 127
第一項 立法理由 127
第二項 規範架構 127
第一款 一般行賄罪 128
第一目 落入一般行賄罪規範範疇之職務活動 128
第二目 不當執行 129
第三目 主觀構成要件要素之沿革 135
壹、不誠實意圖 135
貳、貪腐意圖 137
第二款 行賄外國公務員罪 137
第一目 外國公務員之定義 140
第二目 意圖對外國公務員之公務員身分產生影響 142
第三目 行為對價 143
第四目 行賄目的:獲得或維持商業及商業利益 144
第五目 行為符合外國當地成文法之除罪抗辯事由(兼論利益輸送之性質) 145
第六目 否定提供疏通費之容許空間 148
第七目 管轄權 149
第三節 澳大利亞聯邦《澳大利亞刑法典》 151
第一項 立法理由與規範架構 151
第二項 行為對象:外國公務員 151
第一款 該公務員與國家(國際組織)之關係 152
第二款 公務員所隸屬之機關 153
第三款 公職候選人 156
第三項 對他人而言係屬不正之利益 157
第四項 行為對價 158
第五項 不當影響 160
第六項 行賄目的:獲得或保持商業或個人利益 165
第七項 行為符合外國當地成文法之除罪抗辯事由 169
第八項 提供疏通費之除罪抗辯事由 170
第九項 管轄權 174
第一款 領土管轄 174
第二款 積極屬人管轄 175
第四章 保護法益之輪廓描繪 176
第一節 以秩序自由主義認識公平競爭秩序 176
第一項 以秩序理解經濟體系並肯認交易市場經濟體系 177
第二項 對競爭秩序之威脅 181
第一款 政治權力與私人經濟權力 181
第二款 兩者之交融互動 183
第三項 經濟憲法 184
第四項 秩序政策 187
第五項 政策範式 189
第六項 確保競爭秩序之目的與追求 190
第七項 社會市場經濟之修正 194
第二節 公平競爭秩序與規範 198
第一項 保護競爭秩序存在之必要性 198
第二項 保護法益之正當性 199
第一款 保護公平競爭秩序法益之意義釐清 199
第二款 公平競爭秩序得以作為一個適格的超個人法益 203
第三項 就商業有關事項行賄公務員對市場運作的損害方式 205
第一款 市場與結構—行為—績效 206
第二款 國家公權力與市場影響 209
第四項 就商業事項行賄公務員之可非難性 212
第一款 可非難性之緣由 212
第二款 可非難性之建構 214
第三款 排除可非難性之可能性空間 215
第五項 就商業有關事項行賄公務員之抽象危險 216
第六項 就商業有關事項行賄公務員之可罰界限 217
第一款 行為對價之干擾競爭效果 217
第二款 行為對價之高權性質要求 219
第三款 基於社會保障需求之限縮處罰必要 219
第三節 小結 221
第五章 管制行賄外國公務員行為之實質理由與規範依據 224
第一節 提出可能的選項 224
第一項 問題意識 224
第二項 達成預先維護我國競爭秩序之保護效果 226
第三項 確保我國利益於外國經濟體系之實踐 229
第四項 附論:國際共通之公平競爭秩序? 232
第二節 純粹保護外國競爭秩序之解釋取向 235
第一項 困境之產生 235
第一款 全球化進程 235
第二款 跨領域交流為外國當地所帶來的負面影響—經濟體系運作不能所帶來之負面風險 237
第三款 負面影響輾轉流於各國領域之可能性 240
第四款 規避競爭之不法行為與不公正社會制度之責任關係性 242
第二項 困境之解決:國際團結合作 242
第一款 全球化進程所應有的思辨 242
第二款 國際團結合作 245
第三項 國際團結之國際法依據 248
第一款 國際法規範依據 248
第二款 國家域外人權保障義務之建立與分配 253
第三款 國家域外人權保障義務之具體內容 255
第一目 域外尊重義務 257
第二目 域外履行義務 257
第三目 域外保護義務 258
第三節 小結 262
第四節 回歸本罪之解釋適用 266
第一項 涉案市場之類型與人類必需的生存生活條件之關聯程度 266
第二項 市場規模 268
第三項 市場偏離競爭市場理性運作規律程度 268
第四項 三項因子之交互 270
第五節 針對保護外國競爭秩序之批評與回應 272
第一項 是否現存有公平競爭秩序之疑義 272
第二項 對於他國主權之侵犯 274
第三項 不尊重外國所持價值之風險 276
第四項 狹隘性 279
第六章 構成要件與規範適用效力之界線重構 281
第一節 行為對象:外國公務員 281
第一項 公務員於本罪之意義 281
第二項 公務員之身分建構 281
第三項 職務權限之高權性質 284
第四項 機關類型公務員 285
第一款 認定權力賦予關係 285
第二款 比較法之評析 286
第五項 授權類型公務員 287
第一款 認定權力賦予關係 287
第二款 比較法之評析 288
第六項 委託類型公務員 290
第一款 認定權力賦予關係 290
第二款 比較法之評析 291
第七項 公共國際組織之公務員 293
第八項 政黨人員 293
第一款 釐清 293
第二款 比較法之評析 294
第九項 政治候選人(政黨人員) 295
第一款 不宜納入規範之原因 295
第二款 比較法之參照 296
第二節 行為對價:職務行為 297
第一項 職務行為之必要性 297
第一款 必要性之彰顯 297
第二款 比較法之評析 298
第二項 職務行為之認定範圍 299
第一款 範圍之再確認 299
第二款 比較法之評析 302
第三項 以影響力干擾本罪保護法益之可能條件 303
第一款 前提條件 303
第二款 比較法之評析 306
第四項 職務行為之性質 308
第五項 職務行為之執行標準 309
第一款 標準之劃定 309
第二款 比較法之評析 313
第三節 跨區貿易、投資或其他商業活動有關事項之解釋 316
第一項 商業有關事項之解釋 316
第二項 比較法之評析 319
第四節 行為符合外國當地成文法之阻卻違法事由 322
第一項 對外國當地賄賂文化與相對應立法之全面尊重? 322
第二項 建立阻卻違法事由之可能性 324
第三項 比較法之評析 329
第五節 提供疏通費之可罰違法性 331
第一項 提供疏通費與不法 331
第二項 提供疏通費與刑事制裁之最低程度要求 333
第三項 比較法之評析 335
第六節 管轄權 338
第一項 管轄權之意義釐清 338
第二項 國家主權與涉外管轄權之適用 340
第三項 涉外管轄範圍之相對立場 342
第四項 違反不干涉原則之再確認 343
第五項 涉外管轄擴張之負面影響 347
第六項 行使涉外管轄權於國際法層次下之管轄合理性原則限制 351
第一款 《美國對外關係法第三彙編》 352
第二款 《美國對外關係法第四彙編》 353
第七項 行使涉外管轄權於內國法層次下之刑事政策限制 356
第八項 本罪之規範適用效力範圍 358
第七節 附論:外國公務員不宜納入行為主體加以規範 363
第八節 小結 366
第一項 外國公務員 366
第二項 職務行為 368
第三項 跨區貿易、投資或其他商業有關事項 370
第四項 行為符合外國當地成文法之阻卻違法事由 371
第五項 提供疏通費之可罰違法性 373
第六項 管轄權 373
第七章 結論 377
第一節 總結 377
第二節 修法建議 383
參考文獻 387
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dc.language.isozh_TW-
dc.subject公平競爭秩序-
dc.subject秩序自由主義-
dc.subject社會市場經濟-
dc.subject市場與國家公權力-
dc.subject發展權-
dc.subject國際團結-
dc.subject國家域外人權保障義務-
dc.subject域外保護義務-
dc.subject公務員身分-
dc.subject職務執行標準-
dc.subject社會保障需求-
dc.subject疏通費-
dc.subject管轄合理性原則-
dc.subjectOrder of Fair Competition-
dc.subjectOrdoliberalism-
dc.subjectSocial Market Economy-
dc.subjectMarket and State Public Authority-
dc.subjectRight to Development-
dc.subjectInternational Solidarity-
dc.subjectthe Obligations of International Assistance and Cooperation-
dc.subjectthe Extraterritorial Obligation to Protect-
dc.subjectStatus of Public Official-
dc.subjectStandards for the Performance of Official Duties-
dc.subjectSocial-Protection Needs-
dc.subjectFacilitating payments-
dc.subjectthe Principle of Jurisdictional Reasonableness-
dc.title失落的行賄外國公務員罪—輪廓的描繪與界限的重構zh_TW
dc.titleThe Lost Offense of Foreign Bribery: Redrawing Its Contours and Reconstructing Its Boundariesen
dc.typeThesis-
dc.date.schoolyear114-2-
dc.description.degree碩士-
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee黃種甲;黃士軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.oralexamcommitteeChung-Chia Huang;Shih-Hsuan Huangen
dc.subject.keyword公平競爭秩序,秩序自由主義社會市場經濟市場與國家公權力發展權國際團結國家域外人權保障義務域外保護義務公務員身分職務執行標準社會保障需求疏通費管轄合理性原則zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordOrder of Fair Competition,OrdoliberalismSocial Market EconomyMarket and State Public AuthorityRight to DevelopmentInternational Solidaritythe Obligations of International Assistance and Cooperationthe Extraterritorial Obligation to ProtectStatus of Public OfficialStandards for the Performance of Official DutiesSocial-Protection NeedsFacilitating paymentsthe Principle of Jurisdictional Reasonablenessen
dc.relation.page406-
dc.identifier.doi10.6342/NTU202600890-
dc.rights.note同意授權(全球公開)-
dc.date.accepted2026-04-01-
dc.contributor.author-college法律學院-
dc.contributor.author-dept法律學系-
dc.date.embargo-lift2026-04-09-
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