明暗交雜：冷戰下的臺灣航測技術與第一次森林資源與土地利用調查

Abstract

第二次世界大戰之後迎來美蘇兩強的對峙，為了防堵共產勢力的擴張，美國對其盟友開展了大量經濟與軍事援助，1948年，中國農村復興聯合委員會（農復會）的成立，是為國民政府與美方共同合作執行農村重建的重要機構，隨著國民黨在內戰中戰敗遷臺，農復會的工作也轉移到臺灣，並對臺灣農業與農村的現代化具有關鍵作用。而農復會林業顧問，同時也是首任森林組長的沈格夫，在1951年甫來臺進行考察時就注意到了日治後期的林業數據與當時的真實情況有所落差。因此，1954到1956年農復會執行了「第一次森林資源與土地利用調查」，航空攝影測量技術，也經由該調查計畫跨越太平洋來到臺灣，這也是臺灣首次使用航測影像進行農林調查工作。在現有針對農復會的研究當中，不乏對於其所製作的各種電影、漫畫、雜誌、電視節目等影像所進行的批判性討論，抑或是對於美國如何諸如營養概念的推廣，試圖使美國式的生活方式在此生根。然而，對於森林資源與土地利用調查，以及其所使用的航空攝影測量技術，則未有研究深入探討。因此，本研究以第一次森林資源與土地利用調查前後的檔案史料為中心，梳理戰後臺灣的航測技術之跨境，再到整場調查的發展歷程，以及其如何影響接下來二十年的林業政策。更進一步地，國家如何在維持攸關國家核心利益的地理知識之隱密性與確保計畫順利推行以促進經濟民生發展之間取得平衡。本研究指出農復會作為科技跨境的節點，透過美方專家的介入，促成調查的發生，並且整合跨國的人力與物力，在實作中摸索前行，最終完成調查，同時養成了本土的技術團隊。此外，在全球冷戰與東亞地緣政治高度緊張之時空背景下所留存的史料當中，知識的可見／不可見並非偶然，而是此時期國家刻意的調控，也正因其刻意為之，使得此種知識的明暗交雜，成為冷戰科學的重要印記。

Following World War II, the world entered a period of confrontation between the two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. To prevent the expansion of Communist influence, the U.S. launched extensive economic and military aid programs for its allies. In 1948, the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) was established as a pivotal institution for the R.O.C. Government and the U.S. to jointly implement rural reconstruction. Following the Kuomintang’s defeat in the Civil War and its subsequent relocation to Taiwan, the JCRR’s operations also shifted to the island, playing a crucial role in the modernization of Taiwan’s agriculture and rural communities. Upon his arrival in 1951 for an inspection, Paul Zehngraff, forestry consultant and the first Chief of the Forestry Division of JCRR, found a discrepancy between the forestry data from the late Japanese colonial period and the actual conditions at the time. Consequently, the JCRR conducted the program named "Forest Resources and Land Use Inventory" from 1954 to 1956. Through this project, aerial photogrammetry technology crossed the Pacific to Taiwan, marking the first time aerial imagery was utilized for agricultural and forestry surveys on the island. Current research on the JCRR often includes critical discussions of its visual productions—such as films, comics, magazines, and television programs—or examines how the promotion of American concepts, like nutrition, sought to root an American way of life in Taiwan. However, there has been a lack of in-depth research regarding the forest resource and land use surveys and the aerial photogrammetry technology they employed. Therefore, this study focuses on archival materials surrounding the Forest Resources and Land Use Inventory to trace the transnational transfer of aerial survey technology to post-war Taiwan, the developmental trajectory of the survey, and its influence on forestry policy over the following two decades. Furthermore, it examines how the state balanced the need to maintain the secrecy of geographic knowledge—which was vital to core national interests—with the necessity of ensuring the project's success to promote economic and social development. This research highlights the JCRR’s role as a node for technological crossing. Through the intervention of American experts, the JCRR facilitated the survey by integrating transnational human and material resources, navigating practical challenges to complete the mission while simultaneously cultivating a local technical team. Moreover, within the historical context of the Global Cold War and high geopolitical tensions in East Asia, the visibility and invisibility of knowledge in surviving records was not accidental, but rather a deliberate regulation by the state. It is precisely this intentional interplay of light and shadow in knowledge that serves as a defining mark of Cold War science.