臺灣華語「破」與韓語「깨다」多義之認知語意研究

Abstract

本研究從認知語意學的角度，探討臺灣華語動詞「破」以及韓語動詞「깨다」的多義現象。以 Evans（2005）的「原則性多義框架」（Principled Polysemy）為理論基礎，透過語料庫分析，辨識出兩個動詞各自的義項，涵蓋從核心的「物理破損義」到透過隱喻與轉喻延伸的延伸語義等多重用法。在跨語言比較層面，結果顯示兩語之動詞在搭配詞種類與語義擴張上具有差異。「破」在「物理破損義」上可搭配之具體事物種類較廣，可以描述堅硬物或彈性物體的受損。而「깨다」在「物理破損義」上只適用於堅硬或易碎物上。兩種語言亦呈現各自獨有的語義:「破」展現出「揭穿義」、「品質差義」、「語助詞義」與「淫蕩義」等。而「깨다」則具有「故障義」、「遭受情感挫折義」與「驚訝義」等用法。 總結來說，本研究有助於理解破壞類動詞的語義延伸方式，並為第二語言學習者在掌握字面與延伸用法方面提供參考。

This study examines the polysemy of the verbs pò 破 in Taiwan Mandarin and kkayta 깨다 in Korean from a cognitive-semantic perspective. Guided by the Principled Polysemy framework (Evans, 2005), data analysis identifies ten distinct senses for pò 破 and nine distinct senses for kkayta 깨다, ranging from the core Physically Damaged Sense to extended metaphorical senses. These sense extensions are primarily motivated by metaphor and metonymy, projecting the prototypical meaning of physical breakage onto abstract domains. Cross-linguistic comparison reveals differences in the range of collocates and domain expansion. In Taiwan Mandarin, pò 破 allows a wide range of collocates when describing damage to concrete objects, while Korean kkayta 깨다 has fewer collocates with concrete objects. Each language also exhibits unique senses: pò 破 shows the Uncover, Poor Quality, Expletive, and Slut Sense, while kkayta 깨다 manifests the Malfunction, Experiencing Emotional Setback, and Surprise Sense. To sum up, this research contributes to understanding how physical breakage verbs extend semantically and provides insights for second language learners navigating literal and figurative uses.