我國塑膠包材智慧回收機循環經濟商業模式建構與環境成本效益分析

Abstract

塑膠平板包材（如生鮮托盤、蛋盒）若於傳統混合回收模式下，常因材質混雜致分類處理成本上升與再生料品質不佳，進而降低回收處理意願。本研究以「賣場設置塑膠包材智慧回收機」專案為個案研究對象，探討建構我國封閉式逆向回收循環經濟商業模式之可行條件，並分析其成本效益。 本研究以商業模式圖之9大要素為基礎，並納入「回收系統」與「內外部環境因素」形成11項商業模式要素。透過個案研究方式，分析研究對象之價值主張、利害關係人分工、關鍵資源/活動、成本結構與收入來源等關鍵要素。研究結果顯示，此商業模式之關鍵組成要素包括：關鍵合作夥伴是否到位、關鍵行動是否能穩定執行、關鍵資源（如回收機台、清運與處理能力）是否完整導入，以及回收系統是否能有效維持營運。 另以成本效益分析方法，針對「賣場什麼都不做」與「賣場推動逆向回收」兩情境，分析「賣場推動逆向回收」淨效益為-27,399元/年，較「賣場什麼都不做」淨效益-57,675元/年更具成本有效性。再進一步分析「賣場推動逆向回收」之10年成本效益淨現值，當邊際銷售額年增率變數達到1.24%以上時，成本效益淨現值由負值轉正。顯示，賣場應至少設定邊際銷售額年增率目標達1.24%以上，始確保投資設置智慧回收機與提供逆向回收服務具有正淨效益。 依據研究結果顯示，建議機台設置者量化評估逆向回收服務產生消費客群增額消費量，而政府部門可透過「綠色費率」作為經濟誘因政策工具，例如：包材使用再生料、賣場提供逆向回收服務等具有相關補貼措施，據以降低逆向回收商業模式之運作成本，以提升容器包裝產業鏈合作參與逆向回收之意願。

Plastic flat packaging (e.g., fresh-food trays and egg trays) collected under conventional commingled recycling systems often suffers from material contamination, which raises sorting and processing costs and results in low-quality recyclate—thereby weakening stakeholders’ willingness to recycle. This study adopts the project of “installing smart recycling machines for plastic packaging in retail stores” as a case study to examine the feasibility conditions for establishing a closed-loop, reverse-collection circular economy business model in Taiwan and to evaluate its cost-effectiveness. Building on the nine elements of the Business Model Canvas, this research further incorporates “the recycling system” and “internal and external environmental factors,” yielding a framework of eleven business model elements. Using a case-study approach, the study analyzes key elements such as the value proposition, division of labor among stakeholders, key resources and activities, cost structure, and revenue streams. The results indicate that the critical components of this business model include: (1) whether key partners are in place; (2) whether key actions can be implemented consistently and reliably; (3) whether key resources (e.g., smart recycling machines, collection/transport, and treatment capacity) are fully deployed; and (4) whether the recycling system can effectively sustain ongoing operations. A cost–benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted under two scenarios—“the retailer takes no action” and “the retailer implements reverse collection”—to assess the cost-effectiveness of retailer-led reverse collection. The results show that the net benefit of “retailer-led reverse collection” is −NTD 27,399 per year, which is more cost-effective than the net benefit of −NTD 57,675 per year under the “no action” scenario. A further 10-year net present value (NPV) analysis indicates that the NPV for “retailer-led reverse collection” turns from negative to positive when the annual growth rate of incremental (marginal) sales reaches 1.24% or higher. This finding suggests that retailers should set a target of at least 1.24% annual growth in incremental sales to ensure a positive net benefit from investing in smart recycling machines and providing reverse-collection services. Based on the study results, it is recommended that system operators quantitatively estimate the additional consumer spending attributable to reverse-collection services. In addition, government agencies may use a “green fee” as an economic incentive policy instrument—for example, by providing relevant subsidies or incentives for the use of recycled content in packaging and for retailers that offer reverse-collection services. Such measures can reduce the operating costs of reverse-collection business models and, in turn, increase the willingness of stakeholders across the packaging supply chain to collaborate and participate in reverse collection.