影像性暴力成年早期受害者求助之相關因素探討

Abstract

隨著網路與科技發展，影像性暴力樣態日益複雜，對受害者造成深遠身心與社會層面之衝擊。然目前國內相關研究多以質性為主，尚缺乏量化數據佐證，亦少有針對成年早期受害者之系統性探討。為彌補此研究缺口，本研究以求助行為理論為主，探討影像性暴力成年早期受害者的個人、人際、社會文化因素如何影響其求助行為。 本研究透過網路調查法，以三年內曾遭受影像性暴力之18至39歲成年早期者為研究對象，共蒐集509份有效問卷。結果顯示，受害者遭受的暴力類型包括「未經同意或脅迫取得影像」（95.3%）、「威脅散佈」（65.4%）、「未經同意散佈」（62.9%）與「換臉」（40.7%）。加害者多數為前任情侶，該事件對受害者平均影響時間長達5.35個月，對於心理與生活的影響具有持續性；其中有高達58.7%的受害者具有輕中度情緒困擾者，以憂鬱、睡眠困難為主要症狀，且非異性戀者之情緒困擾顯著高於異性戀者。 受害者求助比例達55.4%，大多數（93.6%）皆有求助於正式與非正式支持系統。求助原因，主要是以「想要停止影像性暴力行為」（49.3%）、「希望減少對心理健康的影響或傷害」（47.5%）、「希望讓對方受到懲罰」（44%）為主；未求助原因，則是以「覺得羞恥、尷尬」（52.9%）、「怕麻煩/不想把事情鬧大」（51.1%）、「不想讓別人（例如家人和朋友）發現」（42.1%）為主。其中求助於正式支持系統，以「心理諮商輔導與治療」（80.1%）、「警察局／派出所」（68.9%）、「服務影像性暴力受害者相關的社福機構」（62.8%）為主要求助對象；而非正式支持系統，則以「朋友」（92.2%）、「兄弟姊妹」（67.7%）、「母親」（66.7%）為主。 根據羅吉斯迴歸分析指出，個人因素中「遭受影像性暴力類型數」、人際因素「社會支持程度」，及社會文化因素「內化汙名程度、文化汙名程度」，皆與是否求助具有顯著關聯。研究結果亦發現社會支持在影像性暴力汙名及求助行為之間具有部分中介效果，即影像性暴力汙名會透過降低受害者的社會支持，進一步減少其求助的可能性。 整體而言，本研究為國內首份以量化方式，全面探討影像性暴力受害者求助行為之相關影響因素研究。根據研究結果，本文亦從政策面、實務工作面及未來學術研究三面向，分別提出相關建議及介入參考，期能協助建構更具同理心與可近性的求助環境及社會支持系統，並提升社會大眾對於影像性暴力的認識，進而破除與影像性暴力相關的汙名效應。

With the rapid development of the internet and digital technologies, image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) has become increasingly complex, exerting profound psychological, social, and interpersonal impacts on victims. However, existing studies in Taiwan remain largely qualitative, with limited quantitative evidence and few systematic investigations focusing on early adulthood victims. To address this research gap, the present study adopts the help-seeking behavior framework to examine how individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors influence the help-seeking behaviors of early adulthood IBSA victims. Using an online survey method, this study targeted individuals aged 18 to 39 who had experienced IBSA within the past three years, collecting 509 valid responses. Results indicated that the types of abuse experienced included “non-consensual or coerced image acquisition” (95.3%), “threats of dissemination” (65.4%), “non-consensual dissemination” (62.9%), and “deepfake manipulation” (40.7%). Most perpetrators were ex-partners. On average, the negative effects persisted for 5.35 months, with lasting psychological and daily life impacts. A total of 58.7% of victims reported mild-to-moderate emotional distress, with depression and sleep difficulties as primary symptoms; notably, non-heterosexual victims reported significantly higher levels of distress than heterosexual victims. The overall help-seeking rate was 55.4%, with the majority (93.6%) seeking assistance from both formal and informal support systems. Major reasons for seeking help included “wanting to stop IBSA” (49.3%), “reducing psychological harm” (47.5%), and “punishing the perpetrator” (44%). Conversely, primary reasons for not seeking help were “feeling ashamed or embarrassed” (52.9%), “not wanting to cause trouble or escalate the issue” (51.1%), and “not wanting others (e.g., family and friends) to know” (42.1%). Among formal support systems, the main sources were “counseling and psychological therapy” (80.1%), “police stations” (68.9%), and “social welfare organizations serving IBSA victims” (62.8%). Informal support mainly involved “friends” (92.2%), “siblings” (67.7%), and “mothers” (66.7%). Logistic regression analyses revealed that individual factors (number of types of IBSA experienced), interpersonal factors (level of social support), and sociocultural factors (levels of internalized stigma and cultural stigma) were significantly associated with help-seeking behaviors. Moreover, social support was found to partially mediate the relationship between IBSA-related stigma and help-seeking, indicating that stigma reduces perceived social support, which in turn decreases the likelihood of help-seeking. Overall, this study is the first quantitative investigation in Taiwan to comprehensively examine the factors influencing help-seeking behaviors among IBSA victims. Based on the findings, policy, practice, and academic implications are proposed, aiming to build a more empathetic and accessible help-seeking environment and support system, while enhancing public awareness of IBSA and reducing stigma associated with victimization.