應用ISO 14064-1與生命週期評估方法於臺灣養豬生產與屠宰分切產業之溫室氣體盤查與環境影響研究

Abstract

隨著政府間氣候變化專門委員會（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC）於2022年2月公佈第六次評估報告（IPCC AR6）指出，全球暖化將在近20年內升溫攝氏1.5度，農業作為環境自然中的一環且擁有碳匯作用，在減碳循環中自然扮演著關鍵角色，為了確保國人擁有優質之動物性蛋白質來源如蛋、肉及乳之畜禽產品以及維持產量自給，建立相關臺灣養豬生產與屠宰分切產業之溫室氣體盤查與環境影響研究是有需要的。讓農業成為減緩與適應氣候變遷的關鍵力量，不僅能確保糧食安全，更能為減碳趨勢貢獻一份力量。 本研究以國內具代表性之北部大型屠宰分切場與其上游養豬場為例，將兩組織邊界中的溫室氣體排放源收集成冊建立「溫室氣體盤查報告書」，應用生命週期評估法進行環境影響評估及減碳策略分析，研究分為兩大部分。第一部分：使用ISO 14064-1標準蒐集場域溫室氣體盤查資料，建立「組織層級溫室氣體盤查」，建立通過第三方驗證之「溫室氣體盤查報告書」，類別1：排放量分別為養豬場82.6657 tCO2 eq、屠宰分切場3773.2994 tCO2 eq、類別2：間接溫室氣體排放，類別2排放量分別為養豬場77.5802 tCO2 eq、屠宰分切場5034.2552 tCO2 eq；第二部分：使用生命週期評估法進行產品生產過程部分碳足跡資料蒐集，使用SimaPro 軟體計算臺灣養豬過程之環境衝擊指標值，方法採用IPCC 2013與ReciPe 2016環境影響評估法探討對環境造成的影響。依據結果分析豬隻生產過程中飼料來源的選擇將會是考量的方向之一；以及依據ReCiPe 2016農業注重的指標包括氣候變遷指標（Climate Change,CC）、土壤酸化指標（Terrestrial Acidification, TA）、淡水優養化指標（Freshwater Eutrophication, FE）及化石枯竭指標（Fossil Depletion, FD），消耗反映出各製程對於環境所造成的影響結果，如廢棄階段兩場域皆之再利用之農業廢棄物，此項在生命週期評估法中由於再回收利用的因素，故不需計算處理負擔，也使得廢棄階段數值大幅小於原料來源與製造過程；並且根據ReCiPe特徵化的結果，本研究IPCC 2013養豬場（1公斤活體重）與屠宰分切場（1公斤豬肉）之估算數值分別為5.2858 kg CO2 eq與0.0418kg CO2 eq，使用ReCiPe 2016進行養豬場（1公斤活體重）與屠宰分切場（1公斤豬肉）產品生產之氣候變遷衝擊指標（亦即為碳足跡）之估算值分別為5.1678 kg CO2 eq與0.0409 kg CO2 eq。 總結來說，藉由溫室氣體盤查與環境影響評估結果除了可掌握自身排放熱點，更重要的是依此制定有效率的減碳計畫，加速減碳實施。期望本研究提供自養豬場至屠宰分切場上下游及豬肉生產鏈之基線情境供產業參考，思考減碳策略幫助永續經營，也隨著環境意識的提升，農業溫室氣體盤查的未來發展是充滿潛能的，也將是全球發展的必然方向。本研究之評估數據僅為本次研究所遴選場域（養豬場與屠宰分切場）之溫室氣體盤查資訊，並不適用其他場域，所有研究盤查與估算數據僅供參考。未來其他各畜牧業相關場域，仍應依循各場域實際盤查數據情況進行生命週期評估與場域碳盤查。

With the release of the Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC AR6) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in February 2022, which stated that global warming will lead to a 1.5°C temperature increase within the next 20 years, agriculture, as an integral part of the natural environment with carbon sink capabilities, naturally plays a crucial role in the carbon reduction cycle. To ensure the public has access to high-quality animal protein sources such as eggs, meat, and dairy from livestock and poultry products and to maintain production self-sufficiency, it is necessary to establish research on greenhouse gas inventories and environmental impacts for Taiwan's pig farming, slaughtering, and cutting industries. Making agriculture a key force in mitigating and adapting to climate change not only ensures food security but also contributes to the trend of carbon reduction. This study takes a representative large-scale slaughtering and cutting plant in northern Taiwan and its upstream pig farm as a case study, collecting greenhouse gas emission sources within the organizational boundaries of both entities into a "Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report" and applying the life cycle assessment method to conduct an environmental impact assessment and carbon reduction strategy analysis. The research is divided into two main parts. Part one: The ISO 14064-1 standard was used to collect on-site greenhouse gas inventory data to establish an "organizational-level GHG inventory" and create a third-party verified "Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report." Category 1 emissions were 82.6657 tCO₂e for the pig farm and 3773.2994 tCO₂ eq for the slaughtering and cutting plant, respectively. Category 2, indirect greenhouse gas emissions, were 77.5802 tCO₂ eq for the pig farm and 5034.2552 tCO₂ eq for the slaughtering and cutting plant, respectively. Part two: The life cycle assessment method was used to collect partial carbon footprint data for the product production process, using SimaPro v9.1 to calculate the environmental impact indicator values of the pig farming process in Taiwan. The study employed the IPCC 2013 and ReCiPe 2016 environmental impact assessment methods to investigate the effects on the environment. Based on the results, the choice of feed source during the pig production process will be a direction for consideration. Furthermore, according to ReCiPe 2016, indicators significant to agriculture—climate change, soil acidification, marine eutrophication, and fossil fuel consumption—reflect the environmental impact of each process. For example, agricultural waste from both sites is reused in the disposal stage; in the life cycle assessment method, due to this recycling factor, the processing burden does not need to be calculated, which makes the values for the waste stage significantly lower than those for the raw material and manufacturing stages. Moreover, based on the ReCiPe characterization results, this study's estimated values using IPCC 2013 for the pig farm (per kg live weight) and the slaughtering and cutting plant (per kg pork) are 5.2858 kg CO₂e and 0.0418 kg CO₂e, respectively. Using ReCiPe 2016, the estimated climate change impacts (i.e., carbon footprint) for production at the pig farm (per kg live weight) and the slaughtering and cutting plant (per kg pork) are 5.1678 kg CO₂e and 0.0409 kg CO₂e, respectively. In conclusion, the results from the greenhouse gas inventory and environmental impact assessment not only allow for the identification of emission hotspots but, more importantly, enable the formulation of efficient carbon reduction plans to accelerate implementation. It is hoped that this study provides a baseline scenario for the upstream pig farm to downstream slaughtering and cutting plant and the pork production chain for industry reference, encouraging consideration of carbon reduction strategies to support sustainable operations. With growing environmental awareness, the future development of agricultural greenhouse gas inventories is full of potential and will be an inevitable direction for global development. The evaluation data in this study represents the greenhouse gas inventory information for the selected sites (a pig farm and a slaughterhouse/cutting plant) only and is not applicable to other sites. All inventory and estimation data from this research are for reference purposes only. In the future, other sites within the livestock industry should still conduct their life cycle assessments and site-specific carbon inventories based on their own actual inventory data.