團隊任務分析與任務重新分配：以無人機操作情境為例

Abstract

本研究聚焦於無人機雙人團隊於任務執行過程中，因突發事件（如抬頭顯示器 head-up display, HUD 故障）所引發的任務中斷與再分配需求。當操作任務突遭干擾，團隊成員能否迅速調整任務分工，將直接影響任務完成效率與操作人員負荷。過往相關研究多著重於自動化系統下的資源分配機制，針對人工操作之雙人團隊於突發情境中執行任務再分配之實證研究則相對缺乏，故本研究旨在補足此一缺口，探討各種分工策略對任務績效與人員負荷的影響。 本研究設計三種任務再分配策略（Scenario 1~3），並建構操控無人機飛行之模擬環境，重現雙人團隊在執行無人機偵蒐任務時遇到 HUD 故障的情境，觀察不同應變策略對任務執行結果是否造成影響。實驗評估指標包含任務完成時間、偵蒐任務目標物拍攝品質，以及操作人員於任務執行後所填寫之 NASA Task Load Index, NASA-TLX 主觀負荷評估。參與實驗的 18 組團隊（共 36 名實驗參與者）皆依隨機順序執行三種情境，藉以控制學習與疲勞效應。 研究結果顯示，情境三（角色交錯型策略）在效率與品質間取得最佳平衡，其平均任務完成時間顯著低於其他情境，同時拍攝分數與主觀負荷評分亦維持穩定，證實靈活的角色切換與任務共享機制有助於提升整體表現；而情境一與二雖具有固定分工優勢，卻易造成單一成員負荷過重。整體而言，本研究不僅提供任務再分配策略的實證依據，也對未來無人機團隊訓練、介面設計與操作流程規劃提出具體建議，強調團隊在面對突發事件時需具備足夠的任務彈性與溝通協調能力，方能維持任務安全與效能。

This study focuses on two-person unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams and their need to reallocate tasks in response to unexpected events, such as head-up display (HUD) failures, during mission execution. When operational disruptions occur, the team's ability to promptly adjust task distribution directly affects mission completion efficiency and operator workload. While previous research has primarily addressed resource allocation in automated systems, there remains a lack of empirical studies on manual task reallocation within human-operated two-person teams under sudden disruptions. Therefore, this study aims to address this research gap by examining the effects of different task redistribution strategies on team performance and operator workload. Three task reallocation strategies (Scenarios 1 to 3) were designed and tested in a simulated UAV reconnaissance environment featuring a mid-mission HUD failure. The experimental metrics included mission completion time, image quality of photographed targets, and subjective workload as measured by the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). A total of 18 two-person teams (36 participants) completed all three scenarios in randomized order to counterbalance learning and fatigue effects. The results indicate that Scenario 3 (role-switching strategy) achieved the best balance between efficiency and quality, with significantly shorter mission times and stable image scores and workload ratings. This suggests that flexible role-switching and task-sharing mechanisms enhance overall team performance. In contrast, Scenarios 1 and 2, which maintained fixed roles, were more likely to result in workload imbalance, placing excessive burden on a single team member. Overall, this study provides empirical support for task reallocation strategies and offers practical insights for UAV operator training, interface design, and operational procedures. It underscores the importance of task flexibility and effective communication for ensuring mission safety and performance in the face of unexpected disruptions.