http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/21 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 16:48:02 GMT 2026-04-21T16:48:02Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89504 標題: 馬拉威的融合教育： 在職和職前教師對特教學生的教學態度、擔憂和意願; Inclusive education in Malawi: In-service and pre-service teachers’ attitudes, concerns, and willingness towards teaching learners with special needs 作者: Jade Westlake; Jade Westlake 摘要: 背景 在過去的十年中，馬拉威見證了全國各地大力推動建立共融教室的努力，旨在照顧那些數量不明、面臨受限於基本服務的障礙兒童。許多阻礙對建立成功的共融教室帶來挑戰，例如缺乏適當的培訓和適切的支持和教學用品，供學生和教師使用。了解教師的態度是教育品質最重要的決定因素之一，無論是在主流教室還是共融教室，了解可能與教師對共融教育的現有態度或感知相關的因素，以鼓勵他們接受共融教育培訓並在共融教室中教學，也非常重要。 目標 本研究旨在調查馬拉威在職和職前教師之社會人口學變項、對實施共融教育的態度與擔憂，以及進行共融教育的意願之間的關聯性。 方法 在2023年3月17日至2023年3月31日期間，於馬拉威的兩個城市，里朗威和姆祖祖，進行了一項調查研究，收集有關社會人口學特徵和過去接觸共融教育的資料，以及《對共融教育態度量表》（ATIES）、《對共融教育擔憂程度量表》（CIES）和進行共融教育之意願的問題。使用描述性統計方法檢查每個變項和量表數值的分佈。採用T檢驗和ANOVA比較ATIES和CIES的平均得分在不同組間的差異。使用線性迴歸研究社會人口學變量、過去接觸共融教育的經驗、ATIES/CIES得分和進行共融教育意願程度之間的聯繫。 結果 共有874名在職教師和197名職前教師參與了調查。在校正社會人口學變量和過去接觸共融教育的經驗後，對共融教育的態度和擔憂與進行共融教育意願呈正相關。與職前教師相比，私立和公立學校的在職教師有較高的意願。 結論 本研究的結果有助於了解馬拉威教師對共融教育的態度、擔憂和意願。通過解決已確認的困難，並加強教師的能力和準備，有助於更具共融性的教育體系的推廣，從而為障礙兒童提供平等的教育機會，促進他們整體的福祉和發展。; Background Over the past decade, Malawi has witnessed a significant effort to expand the presence of inclusive classrooms throughout the country, aiming to cater to an undetermined quantity of children with disabilities who face limited access to essential services. Many barriers make having a successful inclusive classroom challenging, such as a lack of proper training and appropriate support and supplies for the students and teachers. Knowing that teacher attitude is one of the most important determinants in the quality of education, in mainstream and inclusive classrooms, it is also important to understand what factors could be associated with teachers’ pre-existing attitudes or perceptions of inclusive education to encourage them to train in and teach inclusive classrooms. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the associations between the socio-demographic variables, attitudes and concerns toward implementing inclusive education and their willingness to conduct inclusive education among Malawian in-service and pre-service teachers. Methods A total of 874 in-service teachers and 197 pre-service teachers in Lilongwe and Mzuzu, Malawi, participated in the survey between March 17, 2023, and March 31, 2023. A four-part survey containing socio-demographic and past exposure to inclusive education questions, the Attitudes Towards Inclusive Education Scale (ATIES), Concerns about Inclusive Education Scale (CIES), and willingness to teach inclusive education questions were utilized. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the distribution of each variable and each scale. T-test and ANOVA were used to compare the means of the average score of the ATIES and CIES between groups. Linear regression was utilized to investigate the associations between the socio-demographic variables, past exposure to inclusive education, ATIES/CIES scores, and the willingness score. Results Attitudes and concerns were positively associated with willingness after adjusting for socio-demographic variables and past exposure to inclusive education. In-service teachers in private and public schools exhibited a higher level of willingness in comparison to pre-service teachers. Conclusion The findings of this study shed light on the attitudes, concerns, and willingness of teachers to teach in inclusive classrooms in Malawi. The promotion of a more inclusive education system can be achieved by tackling the acknowledged difficulties and bolstering the aptitude and preparedness of educators to effectively teach in inclusive classroom settings. This could contribute to providing equal education opportunities and promoting the overall well-being and development of children with disabilities in Malawi. Keywords In-service teacher, pre-service teacher, learners with special needs, children living with disability, inclusive education, attitudes, concerns, willingness Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89504 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/94904 標題: 馬拉威小學教師對學生心理健康問題的覺察和感知; Primary School Teachers’ Recognition and Perceptions of School Children’s Mental Health Problems in Malawi 作者: 田楚秀; Melissa Saji Tien 摘要: 背景 馬拉威年輕人自殺率上升以及憂鬱症的普遍存在，凸顯了面對心理健康挑戰的必要性。兒童時期的心理健康問題往往在成年後表現出來，許多個案未能得到適當處遇，造成長期的影響。本研究試圖填補馬拉威兒童和青少年心理健康研究的空白，將重點發在教師身上，因為他們在心理健康資源嚴重不足的國家中扮演關鍵角色。鑑於教師與學生相處時間長與對學生的影響力，因此了解教師對學生心理健康需求的知識水平是很重要的。 目標 本研究旨在探討馬拉威在職和職前教師對學生心理健康問題的覺察與感知，以及相關因素。本研究並調查了老師對兒童心理健康問題成因的認知，以及學校心理健康資源的可及性和重要性。 方法 本研究為橫斷性調查，於2024年5月至2024年6月在馬拉威對974名小學教師和教師學員進行紙筆問卷調查。問卷包括四個部分：社會人口學特徵、對立反抗症（ODD）和分離焦慮症（SAD）兒童的案例故事、兒童心理健康問題嚴重程度認知（使用改編的長處與困難問卷量表，SDQ），對兒童心理健康問題的歸因，與所感知的資源可及性和重要性。使用邏輯斯迴歸來分析覺察ODD和SAD的相關因素，兒童心理健康問題的歸因，以及將有兒童心理健康問題的學生轉介給非醫療服務提供者的情況。使用線性迴歸分析教師對兒童心理健康問題嚴重性感知的相關因素。 結果 雖然分別有81.7%和71.6%的教師報告曾接觸過患有心理疾病和障礙的個人和學生，但只有23.2%的教師報告曾接受過心理健康培訓。大多數教師認識到案例中的兒童有ODD（96.3%）和SAD（88.6%）的問題，這與之前接觸過他人心理障礙的經歷和教學經驗相關。教師對外化障礙的認知嚴重程度高於內化障礙，且認知嚴重程度與某些因素相關。遺傳（70.9%）和物質濫用（70.3%）最常被認為是兒童心理健康問題的原因。宗教和種族因素則與認為兒童心理健康問題是被附身或與靈性因素有關。多數教師認為應將兒童心理健康問題轉介給心理健康專業人士（79.4%）和心理諮商師（72.3%），少數教師則認為可轉介給教堂（29.1%）和傳統治療師（7.3%），後兩者與年齡和宗教相關。學校心理健康服務被大多數人認為重要，但一些服務被認為不常見，例如，只有29.6%的教師報告學校內有學生心理健康問題的篩檢服務。 結論 這些發現強調了加強心理健康培訓和資源的重要性，以支持馬拉威小學教師應對學生的心理健康問題。; Background The escalating youth suicide rates and prevalence of depression in Malawi underscore the imperative to address mental health challenges. Poor mental health during childhood often manifests in later life, with many cases going unaddressed, exacerbating long-term effects. This study addressed the research gap on child and adolescent mental health in Malawi, focusing on teachers—key figures in a country with severe mental health resource constraints. Recognizing teachers as the primary influencers due to their extensive time spent with students, it is important to better understand teachers’ literacy level regarding students’ mental health needs. Objectives This study aimed to explore the recognition and perceptions of students’ mental health problems and the associated factors in in-service and pre-service teachers in Malawi. It also investigates perceived causes of child mental health problems and the availability and perceived importance of school mental health resources. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional survey administered via pen-and-paper questionnaires in English to 974 primary school teachers and teacher trainees in Malawi from May 2024 to June 2024. The survey questionnaire, comprising four sections—socio-demographic inquiries, vignettes of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), perceived severity of child mental health problems (based on the adapted version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Scale, SDQ), and perceived causes, resource accessibility and significance. Logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with problem recognition of ODD and SAD symptoms, and the attribution of causes of child mental health problems (CMHPs) and the referral of students with CMHPs to non-medical service providers. Linear regression was used to examine factors linked to teachers' perceptions of CMHP severity. Results While 81.7% and 71.6% of teachers reported exposure to individuals and students with mental illness and disorders, respectively, only 23.2% reported ever receiving mental health training. The majority of teachers recognized children with ODD (96.3%) and SAD (88.6%) in the vignettes having a problem, and the recognition was associated with previous experience of exposure to others’ mental disorders and teaching experience. Teachers demonstrated greater perceived severity for externalizing disorders compared to internalizing ones, and perceived severity was associated with certain factors. Heredity (70.9%) and substance abuse (70.3%) were most commonly cited as the causes of child mental health issues. Religion and ethnicity were associated with the belief that CMHPs were caused by being possessed / spiritual factors. There was a strong preference for referral of CMHPs to mental health professionals (79.4%) and counselors (72.3%). Some considered referrals to churches (29.1%) and traditional healers (7.3%), and such preference was associated with age and religion. School mental health services were mostly recognized as important but some were perceived to be not commonly available, e.g., only 29.6% of teachers reported that school-wide screening of mental health problems in students was available in their schools. Conclusion These findings underscore the critical need for enhanced mental health training and resources to support teachers in managing mental health challenges within the primary educational environment in Malawi. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/94904 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89828 標題: 跨文化視角的台灣女性生產知識與經驗; Women's Childbirth Knowledge and Experiences in Taiwan: A Cross-cultural Perspective 作者: 林黛希; Donielle Allen 摘要: 過去20年來，台灣一直實行醫療化懷孕和生產，導致極高的醫療介入其中，包含剖腹產和會陰切開術。雖然剖腹產比率仍居高不下，2021年為37.9%，但會陰切開術比率已從2020年的99.9%下降至2023年的73.4%。目前，約有414,794名外國女性居住在台灣。一些在台外國女性和男性透過撰寫部落格闡述他們痛苦的生產經驗，包括幾乎沒有隱私保障，丈夫在嬰兒快出生時才被允許進入產房，以及與醫生和護士的不愉快經歷。台灣人也對自身的生產經驗感到不滿。為了反對醫療化生產，並為婦女創造更正面的生產體驗，台灣的第一個改變是引入溫柔生產。溫柔生產促進了生產教育，進而提高了生產自主性。 本研究透過深入、半結構式訪談，訪問並比較外國和台灣女性的生產知識和經驗。研究結果發現，文化差異影響著人們對生產的概念和認知。此外，文化也會影響蒐集資訊的行為和生育決策。最後，外國女性的經驗可凸顯台灣健保系統的獨特之處。台灣還需要強化性教育和生產教育，以賦能婦女和其支持者更多信心和正面的生產經歷。; For the past 20 years, Taiwan has had a history of having medicalized pregnancy and childbirth which led to extremely high rates of medical interventions, including cesarean sections (c -sections) and episiotomies. Although cesarean sections have remained high, 37.9% in 2021, the episiotomy rate has lowered from 99.9% in 2020 to 73.4% in 2023. Currently, there are about 414,794 foreign women living in Taiwan. Some foreign women and men in Taiwan have written blogs detailing their traumatizing birth experiences where sometimes there was little privacy, the husband was not allowed in the delivery room until the baby was almost born, and had unpleasant experiences with healthcare providers. Taiwanese too were unhappy about their experiences, and one change that the Taiwanese have incorporated to counter medicalized childbirth and create more positive experiences for women was the introduction of gentle birthing. Gentle birthing promotes childbirth education and increased birthing autonomy. This study used in-depth, semi-structured interviews with both foreign and Taiwanese women to understand and compare their childbirth knowledge and experiences. The study findings suggest that cultural differences impact the way childbirth is conceptualized and perceived. Furthermore, culture also has an impact on knowledge seeking behaviors and childbirth decision making. Ultimately, the experiences of foreign women can highlight the uniqueness of the Taiwanese healthcare system. In Taiwan, there is a need for better sex and childbirth education to empower women and their supporters to have more confidence and positive childbirth experiences. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89828 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/48776 標題: 評估海地的健康照護系統對抗潛在大流行之功能與準備狀況:以COVID-19為例; Assessment of functional capacity and preparedness of the Haitian healthcare system against potential pandemics: the COVID-19 case 作者: Josemyrne Ashley Faure; 馮敏 摘要: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) are considered to be a major public health problem because of their potential to be used as biological warfare agents, their unpredictable nature, and their potential to become pandemic. During an epidemic or pandemic scenario if the health system is not well prepared it could be overwhelmed, and the outcomes could be worse than predicted. Therefore, prior preparedness plans, response protocols are needed. This dangerous new member of the coronavirus family was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since then the WHO-named COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. In March 2020, the government announced two first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Haiti becoming one of the latest countries to be affected by the virus. The cholera epidemic in Haiti recently proved that the country is not sufficiently prepared to face a pandemic of this magnitude. Haiti’s health system is ill-prepared for the looming catastrophe. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the capacity, quality, and preparedness of the Haitian health system against pandemics looking at how they manage to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic. And also, to suggest some strategies and recommendations to strengthen their preparedness protocols using the Taiwan health system as a model. Methods: We used the Donabedian approach to analyze the resources and their effectiveness, and the Global Health Security index (GHS index) to evaluate the capacity and preparedness of the Haitian Health system to cope with this ongoing pandemic, finding what is missing and what could be changed. A qualitative approach was used, and the main method of data collection was the documentation analysis. Result: The result showed as of September 30, 2020, 8792 confirmed cases, and 229 deaths from COVID-19 were registered in the country. Only 37 COVID-19 treatment centers were operational in Haiti for 1011 beds. Borders control is well organized but still has illegal entries. The country doesn’t possess a health emergency plan, and biosafety and biosecurity regulations, 9 laboratories have the capacity to test for COVID-19 across the country and are partly understaff and centralize. Lack of human resources and personal protective equipment (PPE) led to a decrease in primary care (vaccination, institutional birth, and chronic disease). Which can also be explained by the lack of communication, rumors, fake news that are circulated, stigmatization caused distrust and decreased the number of people seeking health care. Only 5.9 million of 11.8 million inhabitants received awareness messages about COVID-19. Conclusion: The study revealed that the Haitian healthcare system is still not prepared to combat this pandemic. Nevertheless, compared to the neighboring country the Dominican Republic which scored higher in the GHS index than Haiti and Cuba, has much worse COVID-19 outcomes than those countries (Haiti, Cuba). However, Taiwan with an almost perfect GHS index score has even better outcomes. Additional models should be coupled with the GHS index to evaluate health systems capacities and health outcomes. We suggested the development of a national public health emergency response plan that includes EID by the Haitian government. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/48776 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z