類別:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89
2024-03-05T21:48:59Z點資料誤差對於空間型態分析之影響
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/43308
標題: 點資料誤差對於空間型態分析之影響; The effect of random error point data to spatial pattern
作者: Ta-Hong Ho; 何大弘
摘要: 空間資料由於具有同時表示位置以及屬性的特點,而點資料是空間資料中最能精確表達位置的資料類型,因此在各領域中所扮演的角色日益重要。然而也因為點資料能夠精確表達位置之資訊,導致了點資料在傳達、散布時極易造成個人隱私之洩漏。為避免對隱私權造成危害,權責單位在發布資訊時多以行政區為單元,將點資料以加總後之形式公開。但以加總資料進行發布之方式,易受加總單元之空間尺度和研究範圍影響,進而使得空間分佈型態產生扭曲。
本研究試圖以對個別點資料置入隨機誤差之方式,以達到在維持空間分佈型態下仍可以保護隱私之目的。為檢定是否確實達到隱私保護之目的,採用平均最鄰近距離作為隱私保護之最低標準,並以蒙地卡羅方法模擬對點資料置入隨機誤差後,其對空間型態分佈造成之影響,以瞭解置入隨機誤差後空間型態是否產生扭曲之現象。
研究中依照點資料分佈之密度,將研究區域分為山區、鄉區、城區。以大於等於兩倍標準差與否,判定點資料之熱源區域,採用type1 error(原始資料中為熱源區域,添加隨機誤差後遭判定為非熱源區域)、type2 error(原始資料中並非熱源區域,添加隨機誤差後遭判定為熱源區域)作為比較之基準分別檢視其空間型態的變化。
研究結果顯示城區、山區分別在type1 error、type2 error之增加速度最快,鄉區則不論type1 error、type2 error都呈現緩慢的成長。在同時考慮保護隱私以及維持空間型態分佈之前提下,城區、鄉區有較好之表現,山區則相對較差。但總體而言,本研究之方法不失為一個能有效保護隱私且維持空間分佈型態的方式。惟隨機誤差之參數設定,仍必須視研究區域之個別特性以及決策者對於隱私保護之要求重新判斷。; Spatial data plays a crucial role in many research fields because of its ability of expressing multiple types of information such as location and other attributes at the same time. Point data is one major type of spatial data that is capable of demonstrating accurate and precise locations. However, this could probably contribute to a serious problem in privacy and security. Consequently, the government usually adopts aggregated data to release public information for privacy protection. Nevertheless, under the perspective of academic research, aggregated data is somehow easily influenced by spatial scale and the extent.
This study aims to figure out the best measurement for point data spatial analysis, meanwhile protecting the privacy from releasing unexpected information. Random error introduction is proposed in this study to improve the spatial pattern distortion and privacy protection. Average nearest neighbor distance was applied as the threshold for privacy leak. Monte-Carlo simulation was used for simulating the spatial pattern distortion after introducing random error to the original point data. According to the spatial distribution of the original point data, the study area was separated in to three areas: mountain, county, and city. The result shows density of city and mountain areas grow fastest with type 1 and type 2 error; on the other hand, the country area grows slower with both type 1 and type 2 error. For the purpose of maintaining the spatial pattern and protecting privacy at the same time, the simulation result of city and mountain areas are relatively better than that of county area. In the conclusion, random error introduction can sucessfully protect privacy and meanwhile keep the spatial pattern effectively. However, the effect depends on the property of individual area.2011-01-01T00:00:00Z黃裳鳳蝶蝶蛹微棲地與在道路工程之應用
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/40595
標題: 黃裳鳳蝶蝶蛹微棲地與在道路工程之應用; The Microhabitat of Pupae in Troides aeacus and Its Applications in Road Engineering
作者: Pei-Shih Liang; 梁珮詩
摘要: 動物的族群和移動在道路兩側或交會處與其在原始棲地時有很大的不同,對蝴蝶而言,道路使用的運輸行為會造成大量蜻蜓和蝴蝶的死亡,同時,道路也漸漸成為造成蝴蝶棲地破碎化的重要原因之一。然而,經過適當的管理與營造之路側,卻具有做為部分蝴蝶的棲地或生態廊道的可能性。
黃裳鳳蝶為台灣保育種,當其幼蟲準備結蛹時,會選擇安全的所在,並在合適的地點將自己吊掛。為了瞭解黃裳鳳蝶選擇結蛹的微棲地特性,我們在位於台北縣的「牛伯伯蝴蝶園」進行野外實驗,實驗中隨機選擇30個蝶蛹,並調查結蛹點之各項環境因子,包括:高度、風速、照度、噪音、與道路的距離、道路寬度,以及與食草植物的距離等。
根據實驗結果發現蝶蛹在低風速或低光照百分比時有較高的出現頻率,並且結蛹地點會離開食草植物,但不會太遠;另外還可以發現,其對棲地邊緣(道路)的緩衝區仍是必須的。
接著從實驗場地採集一蝶蛹進行室內的風洞試驗,配合拍照以及AutoCAD 2005處理相片,可以瞭解蛹在不同風速下的振動方式。蛹的振幅會隨著風速的增大而增加,振動週期則隨著風速漸大而減小,但週期最低點在此處還無法得知。; Animal populations and movements may be quite different in “roadsides” or “verges” from their original habitat. Roads with vehicles cause prodigious numbers of insects, especially dragonflies and butterflies, killed. In addition, roads appear as one of the most important effects on butterfly habitat fragmentation. However, it has been suggested that well managed roadsides can be created as habitats or corridors for several butterfly species efficiently.
Papilionidae Troides aeacus is one of protected species in Taiwan. When the Troides aeacus’ larvae are going to pupate, they will look for sheltered, safe spots to stay and find suitable places to attach themselves.
This paper takes the Niu-Pei-Pei’s Butterfly Garden in Taipei County as a field experiment site to study the microhabitat of pupae. 30 pupae are chosen randomly, at the same time, several factors, such as height, wind velocity, light, sound level, distances to roads, roads widths, and distances to their larval food plants, are measured in the area each pupa selects.
Depending on the experiment, pupae have high occurrence in places with low wind velocity or low sunshine percentage. Besides, they would like to leave their larval food plants, but not far. Moreover, the buffer zone from the edge (roads) of their habitat is still needed.
One pupa is taken from the butterfly garden to do the wind tunnel testing in the laboratory. According to the result, the pupal movement under different wind velocity is described. The vibration of a pupa is described by taking pictures and dimensioning in AutoCAD 2005.
The amplitude is increasing while the wind velocity is enlarging. The period, nevertheless, is decreasing. The minimum period cannot be derived yet.2007-01-01T00:00:00Z黃緣螢棲地復育之調查–以臺北市大安森林公園為例
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/2397
標題: 黃緣螢棲地復育之調查–以臺北市大安森林公園為例; Investigation of Habitat Restoration for the Firefly
Aquatica ficta in Daan Forest Park (Taipei)
作者: Min-Chen Tsai; 蔡旻臻
摘要: 在都市重現消失物種的蹤跡,是現代生態棲地營造的重要課題。本研究主要探討黃緣螢 (Aquatica ficta (Olivier, 1999)) 在都市中的復育棲地,與其環境因子關係,並於臺北市大安森林公園進行水文、水質、植栽、微氣候和黃緣螢成蟲數量調查。大安復育樣區分兩階段施工:第一階段為2015年9月中至2015年11月初,棲地面積375 m²,水域面積170 m²;第二階段為2016年7月初至2016年10月初,面積增至2,555 m²,水域面積480 m²。樣區水域的平均水深為20.55 cm (±6.84),平均溶氧4.95 mg/L (±1.72),為黃緣螢幼蟲適合棲息的水質狀態。自2016年5月至2017年8月,樣區成蟲發生期為3月至11月,高峰期為5月。相較於一般白光路燈,590 nm路燈雖然對於成蟲分布的影響較少,但照明強度仍有影響。成蟲在樣區微氣候的選擇,較偏好氣溫20~32 °C,相對溼度65 %以上,風速0.1 m/s以下和照度1 lux以下的範圍。當微氣候在一定的範圍內,成蟲於棲地分布的氣溫較都市氣溫低,公式為y = 0.8634 x + 2.3144;相對溼度則較都市相對濕度高,公式為y = 0.6891 x + 32.215。根據結果可知,在都市中復育螢火蟲棲地,需使用溶氧量充足的自然水體,搭配螢火蟲棲息的微氣候條件,選植本土原生種植栽,而低風速和低光照是必要營造。由於調查時間僅為16個月,對於樣區是否復育成功,尚無法定論。; Reappearance of disappeared species in the city is an important issue of constructing ecological habitats nowadays. This study mainly explored the effect of Aquatica ficta (Olivier, 1999) habitat restoration in urban areas, and its environmental impact factors. The research was done on a regular basis for hydrology, water quality, plantation, microclimate surveys, and the number of the firefly observed in Daan Forest Park (Taipei). The habitat restoration of A. ficta (Olivier) in Daan was divided into two stages. The first stage was from mid-September 2015 to early November 2015, with an area of 375 m²; water area of 170 m ²; the second stage was from early July 2016 to early October 2016, with the expansion of the area to 2,555 m², water area of 480 m². The average water depth of wetland was 20.55 cm (±6.84) and the average dissolved oxygen was 4.95 mg/L (±1.72), which meant a suitable habitat environment for the larvae. From May 2016 to August 2017, the adults appeared from March to November, and the peak is May. Compared with the general white street lights, the 590 nm street lights had less effect on the distribution of the adults, but the illumination still had its influence. The adults preferred temperatures 20~32 °C, relative humidity above 65 %, wind velocity below 0.1 m/s and illumination below 1 lux in the microclimate. When the microclimate is within a certain range, the temperature distribution of the adults in the habitat is lower than the urban temperature, and the formula is y = 0.8634 x + 2.3144; while the relative humidity is higher than the urban relative humidity, and the formula is y = 0.6891 x +32.215. According to the results, using natural water with enough dissolved oxygen, planting native plants to match with the microclimate, and low wind velocity and low illumination are the key constructions for firefly habitat restoration in the city. As the investigation lasted for only 16 months, there was no conclusion as to whether the habitat was successful or not.2017-01-01T00:00:00Z鳥類組織與羽毛重金屬之相關性研究-以群眾性鳥類樣品為例
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/22101
標題: 鳥類組織與羽毛重金屬之相關性研究-以群眾性鳥類樣品為例; Study of the correlation between heavy metal of tissues and feathers of avian by using crowdsourced avian sample
作者: Chieh-Yu Chan; 詹婕妤
摘要: 由於自然或人為活動造成重金屬存在於環境-水體、土壤及空氣之中,其中土壤重金屬透過食物鏈的方式,累積在食物鏈各營養階層之中。土壤重金屬除了對人體健康造成危害外,亦會對特定生物造成威脅,食物鏈頂端消費者,具重金屬高累積特性,可以作為重金屬的生物監測物種,本研究係以路殺鳥類作為重金屬生物監測物種。
本研究針對台灣地區七種重金屬砷、鎘、鉻、銅、鎳、鉛及鋅與兩種具代表性的鳥類-白腹秧雞(Amaurornis phoenicurus)與紅冠水雞(Gallinula chloropus),探討土壤重金屬與兩物種體內重金屬累積之分布情形。鳥類樣品透過民眾參與的方式,取得各種死因之鳥類樣品,針對兩物種體內臟器(心臟、肝臟及腎臟)、羽毛(胸羽及初羽)和骨頭(胸骨及腿骨),利用微波消化法及感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜法進行七種重金屬濃度之分析;而後,利用R軟體將鳥類路殺地點套疊台灣地區土壤重金屬污染潛勢圖,其以農試所之土壤重金屬資料為基礎,同時模擬七種重金屬可能的空間分布情境,並以環保署「台灣地區土壤重金屬含量及等級區分表」作為判定土壤重金屬污染區域之標準,評估兩物種體內重金屬與土壤重金屬之關係。
研究目的:一、量化白腹秧雞與紅冠水雞兩物種不同臟器、羽毛及骨頭之七種重金屬累積情形;二、比較重金屬濃度在不同臟器、羽毛及骨頭間之關係;三、利用羽毛預測體內組織相對應之重金屬濃度;四、比較兩物種重金屬累積與環境之間接關係。
研究結果顯示,兩物種重金屬砷主要累積於胸羽及初羽,鉻、鎳、鋅主要於胸羽累積,鎘則主要於腎臟累積,而銅主要於臟器累積,骨頭則是以鉛累積為主。在羽毛預測體內臟器、骨頭重金屬部分,顯示部分羽毛可以作為替代兩物種體內組織的重金屬指標。此外,兩物種多棲息於非污染區,且兩物種之臟器、羽毛、骨頭等組織各重金屬濃度皆未達毒害恕限值,土壤環境背景值與兩物種實驗結果相符。
為深入探討土壤與鳥類之食物鏈關係,未來將持續進行消化器官之檢測,並利用更大解析度的網格進行土壤重金屬推估,以瞭解鳥類透過食物鏈之生物種金屬累積情形,並提供未來其他鳥類或瀕臨物種之生態風險評估建立,以系統規劃方法及生態風險評估結果進行優先整治區劃設,降低鳥類受到重金屬毒害風險。; Natural and anthropogenic activities have resulted in heavy metal exposure of the environment, adversely affecting human and biodiversity health. When heavy metals in soil bioaccumulate in tertiary consumers, these specific species become biological indicators of heavy metals pollution.
This research investigates bioaccumulation levels in avian and contaminant distributions in soil throughout Taiwan. Roadkill samples of two representative species, Amaurornis phoenicurus and Gallinula chloropus, were analyzed for seven heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Roadkill samples collected by volunteers included: internal tissues (i.e. heart, liver, and kidney);bones (i.e. sternum and femur);and feathers (i.e. breast feather and primary flight feathers). These samples were treated using a microwave digestion method and analyzed for heavy metals by ICP-MS (VG Elemental PQ3) with a solution method.
Additionally, this study uses soil heavy metal concentration data provided by the Taiwan Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan to simulate spatial distributions of soil polluted with target heavy metals in Taiwan, and perform uncertainty analysis for the simulated realizations. R software were then used to combine spatial data of both avian roadkill sites and potential soil pollution sites. Sites were classified using Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) classification standards, wherein, of the five classes of heavy metal soil concentrations, sites with concentration values within or above the range of the fourth class were regarded as “polluted”.
Our aims are to quantify the distribution of seven metals among different tissues in Amaurornis phoenicurus and Gallinula chloropus, compare the relationship of heavy metals between different organs, feathers and bones, predict the relative concentration of heavy metals in internal tissues using feathers and compare the relationship of the heavy metal between two species and the environment.
Our results indicate that high amounts of As were found to accumulate in breast feathers and primary feathers; Cr, Ni, and Zn were found to accumulate in breast feathers; Cd was found to accumulate in the kidneys; Cu was found to accumulate in hearts, livers and kidneys; and Pb was found to accumulate in the bones. Using stepwise regression, feathers were found to be indicative of internal metal burdens when analyzed against organs/bones. In addition, the two selected target species frequently inhabit non-contaminated areas, so that the concentrations of heavy metals in their organs, feathers, and bones were below the threshold limited value. The soil’s environmental background values correspond with the experimental results of the two species.
In order to explore the relationship between soil and birds within the food chain, we will continue to investigate heavy metal levels in digestive organs. We will also estimate soil heavy metal values within a larger resolution grid to better understand the accumulation in the two species. The results of this study could be applied to assess the ecological risk of other bird species, including endangered species, and to designate areas for priority remediation to reduce the heavy metal exposure risk of birds.2018-01-01T00:00:00Z