類別:

鼻腔暴露與氣管灌注奈米氧化鋅微粒後動物體內肺部外鋅轉移情形研究

2021-06-15T00:29:54Z

標題: 鼻腔暴露與氣管灌注奈米氧化鋅微粒後動物體內肺部外鋅轉移情形研究; Extrapulmonary Translocation of Ultrafine Zinc Oxide Particles Following Nose-only Exposure and Intratracheal Instillation 作者: Chun-Nung Chang; 張淳農摘要: 奈米氧化鋅被廣泛的應用在工業以及生產上，其大量的生產也造成了工人在製造、包裝及運輸過程中的暴露機會。有研究指出，奈米微粒進入生物體內會引發發炎、血栓以及心血管疾病，甚至進一步穿透細胞間隙進入循環系統，透過再分佈到達體內各器官、組織。本研究的目的在應用微透析技術連續採樣的優點，探討氧化鋅在動物循環系統的濃度變化情形。以及氣管灌注奈米氧化鋅至動物體內後，氧化鋅在器官、組織間的分布情形，並以此作為後續氧化鋅相關健康危害研究的基礎。本研究使用七週大之 Sprague-Dawley 雄鼠，實驗分為呼吸暴露以及氣管灌注實驗兩個部份進行。微透析採樣部份以鼻腔暴露方式暴露於乾淨空氣1小時後接續暴露50 nm 級之氧化鋅微粒4小時，暴露期間以微透析進行血液透析液連續採樣。第二部份將市售奈米氧化鋅及細微粒氧化鋅利用氣管灌注方式暴露至老鼠體內，每組實驗動物三隻，劑量為 5mg/kg，並在暴露後3小時、6小時、12小時、24小時分批進行犧牲，取得血清、血漿、全血、心臟、肺臟、肝臟、腎臟樣本，經微波消化後以感應耦合電漿質譜儀定量分析鋅濃度。微透析透析液分析結果顯示，在體外實驗的回收率僅有4.3 %，在不同批次的實驗當中透析液的鋅濃度也未隨時間出現明顯變化趨勢。實驗動物體內高鋅背景值也對實驗結果造成影響。氣管灌注的實驗結果指出，在奈米氧化鋅以及細微粒氧化鋅實驗動物當中血清、全血，以及肝臟的鋅濃度有隨時間上升的趨勢，其他如血漿、心、肺臟及腎臟樣本中之鋅含量則未觀察到明顯的變化。實驗動物暴露不同粒徑大小微粒後各個器官的鋅濃度分布的差異也未達統計顯著。本研究結果指出應用微透析採樣技術於奈米氧化鋅暴露實驗採樣並不成功，且需要進一步的調整實驗參數、介質與透析溶液，改進微透析對氧化鋅微粒的回收率，再應用於將來的實驗當中。氣管灌注實驗中，動物體內鋅背景值干擾器官與組織的鋅濃度定量，血漿、心、肺臟及腎臟中鋅的濃度並無顯著變化，但血清中的鋅濃度變化支持了氧化鋅微粒進入循環系統的假設。另外，於肝臟觀察到明顯的鋅濃度提升，有可能是氧化鋅經由循環系統再進入肝臟。但另一推測是實驗動物在灌注的過程中將氧化鋅食入消化道所導致，這部份仍需進一步實驗證明肝臟中的氧化鋅來源。後續研究將應用同位素技術以及發展微透析技術於奈米氧化鋅在體內之分布來解決背景值以及動物體間差異性的影響。; Nano-sized zinc oxide was applied in industries extensively, and many workers are exposed to zinc oxide directly or indirectly in factories, production facilities, and in operation where zinc oxide was proceeded, used, disposed, or recycled concurrently. However, there are literatures indicating that nano-sized particles may induce inflammation, thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases, or even penetrate into systemic circulation and redistribute to secondary organs. In our study, the aims were set to explore the zinc translocation in systemic circulation, characterize the distributions of the zinc levels in rat organs after exposing to fine and ultrafine particles intratracheally, and provide relevant the parameters for further kinetics studies. Seven-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. This study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, study animals were exposed to clean air for 1 hour and then exposed to airborne zinc oxide for 4 hours. Continuous microdialysis sampling was performed during the exposure experiment. On the other part, we intratracheally instilled ultrafine and fine zinc oxide particles of 50 nm and 325 Mesh, respectively, in PBS solution to the study animals at a dose of 5mg/kg, with three animals per group. Rats were sacrificed at 3, 6 ,12 and 24 hours post exposure, and the zinc concentrations in whole blood, plasma, serum, heart, lung, liver, kidney and dialysates of the study animals were determined by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following the pretreatment process of freeze-drying and microwave digestion. The results of microdialysis revealed that in vitro recovery rate for zinc oxide was only 4.3%, and no obvious trend for zinc levels in dialysate with times was observed. In addition, the high zinc background level in the study animal might interfere with the results of zinc analysis. In the part of intratracheal instillation study, zinc levels were found elevated in serum, whole blood and liver in both ultrafine and fine zinc oxide particle exposure groups. However, there was no obvious trend for plasma, heart, lung and kidney samples. The difference in zinc levels in organ and tissue samples between these two exposure groups was not statistically significant. The results indicated the application of microdialysis in inhalation study was not successful in this study. The elevations of zinc levels in serum, liver with time after exposing to nano-sized zinc oxide particles intratracheally supported that the particle translocation happened to systemic circulation, although the trends were not obvious. The elevation of zinc level in liver is probably attributed to the systemic translocation. However, another speculation is attributed to the absorption from gastrointestinal system while intratracheal instillation. Further study needs to clarify the exposure routes for zinc oxide particulates. Isotope technology is considered to be applied in the future study to differentiate the inhaled zinc content during experimental study from the background levels in organism. In general, the findings in our study provided preliminary information on the distribution of nano-sized ZnO particle in experimental animals after inhalation exposure for risk assessment.

黃光區對於視覺敏銳度、認知記憶力以及疲勞舒適程度的影響

2021-06-16T03:44:11Z

標題: 黃光區對於視覺敏銳度、認知記憶力以及疲勞舒適程度的影響; Effects of Lighting Environment on Visual Sensitivity, Cognition Memory Performance, Fatigue and Comfort in Lithography Area 作者: Ya-Yun Cheng; 鄭雅云摘要: 隨著半導體與LED產業的發展，採用黃光照明的廠區日益增多，暴露於黃光的作業人員也越來越多。在黃光區作業主要是進行光罩微影製程，為了保護光阻材質，環境中凡波長低於500 nm的光波都必須被阻絕。所以光罩微影製程區的照明設備通常採用黃色光源，以致人眼不易辨別物體真實的顏色，並可能衍生出對於視覺表現的影響。為了解黃光區作業環境光源的特性以及作業人員的光暴露實態，並釐清作業環境光源與作業人員視覺表現之間的關連性，本研究在一家固態照明產品製造公司工作現場進行實地研究。針對12名黃光區作業人員(暴露組)與12名鄰近之白光區的作業人員(對照組)作視覺表現測驗。作業環境照明光源係使用光譜儀量測光照度、相對色溫與演色性等；而作業人員則進行視覺敏銳度、視覺認知記憶力的測驗與視覺疲勞舒適度的評估。研究結果顯示，黃光區的環境照明光源主要為500 nm以上波長的光波，其平均光照度為292 lux與相對色溫平均為2223 K，相較於白光區的環境照明的光照度與相對色溫均低許多。黃光區與白光區作業人員的色棋測驗平均錯誤分數分別為91.5與26.8分，達到統計上顯著差異(p<0.0001)。此外，所有的視覺敏銳度與視覺認知記憶力測驗結果均顯示黃光區作業人員的視覺表現較白光區作業人員差。而且黃光區作業人員自覺的視覺疲勞程度較高，也比較認為其環境照明的舒適度不佳。故本研究建議提高黃光區環境照明光源之光照度，並定期將黃光區作業人員輪調至其他作業區。本研究在不干擾生產線工作的原則下，以作業人員實際的工作環境進行實地研究。雖然本研究中黃光區與白光作業人員在視覺表現上的差異暫無法歸因於特定一項光學參數，但其暴露於特殊黃色光源的總時間，已經比一般實驗室研究的模擬暴露時間更長久，有助於觀察長時間暴露於特殊黃色光源下對於視覺表現的影響狀況。藉由本研究成果，希望能促使工業界對黃光區環境照明光源與作業人員作適當的實務管理，並能依此研究成果進行必要的工作區輪調，更進一步保障職場作業人員的健康權益。; In the past decades, the semiconductor and the light emitting diode (LED) industries grew rapidly in Taiwan and the number of fab with lithography area kept increasing. Thus, workers exposed to yellow light at work increased as well. In order to protect photo resistor, light of wavelength less than 500 nm would be blocked using yellow fluorescent lightening, which might modify workers’ perception of color as well as visual performance. This study aimed to characterize on-site lighting environment in both lithography area and its adjacent area, and assess the workers’ exposure to the particular lighting at work in a wafer fab. To clarify the possible association between lighting environment and visual performance of workers, this study was carried out in the lithography area and its adjacent area of a LED fab for comparison. There were 24 workers recruited in this study, half of them working in lithography area (exposed group), and the others working in the adjacent area (control group). Spectrometer was applied to measure the lighting condition in both areas. Visual sensitivity test, cognition memory performance test, fatigue and comfort assessment were applied to assess the workers’ visual performance. Results of lighting measurement at work places demonstrated that not only light with wavelength less than 500 nm were blocked in lithography area, but also the illumination (292 lux) and correlated color temperature (2223 K) in this working area were much lower as compared to its adjacent area. Moreover, all the visual tests’ results showed poorer visual performance for workers in lithography area as compared to those workers in the adjacent area. The error scores of color perception test were 91.5 points and 26.8 points for exposed group and control group, respectively (p<0.0001). Besides, the workers in lithography area were prone to get visual fatigue and feel uncomfortable under yellow lighting. Results of this study suggested that the illumination of lithography area might need to be increased and the workers in lithography area might need to be routinely rotated in order to prevent adverse effect on visual performance. However, difference in visual performance between study groups was hard to be attributed to any lighting related parameter since none of them could be manipulated in this field study for research purpose. In future, a long-term follow-up study with larger sample size is warranted to clarify possible adverse effects resulting from working in lithography area by controlling confounding factors. It’s expected that our findings would urge the industry to improve and practice suitable management in lithography area for working environment and condition. In addition, these findings could be used as reference for the working area rotation plan.

高科技產業的生殖危害探討

2021-06-08T07:08:05Z

標題: 高科技產業的生殖危害探討; Reproductive Health in High-tech Industrial Worker 作者: Ching-Chun Lin; 林靜君摘要: 自民國六十九年在新竹成立台灣第一個科學園區─新竹科學園區，台灣的工業發展，也由傳統的石化業轉型為高科技無塵室加工製造的半導體業及光電產業為主軸。而其製程不同於其他產業，需要於精密的環境控制中進行，無塵室是此光電產業的特色，因此又稱之為清潔工業。但其實，其無塵室嚴格監控的是溫度，濕度，空氣中的微粒。而所熟知，半導體工業是一化學密集性的現代工業，包括以矽為主的積體電路產業及以三五族（如Ca、As）及二六族（如Zn、Se）化合物為主的光電（opto-electronics）相關產業，而其生產過程中所使用的有機溶劑因其產業的高度競爭，多為商業機密，但有許多已使用於製程中的化學物已在動物實驗被證實含有致癌的毒性，而致癌性的物質通常也都伴隨有生殖毒性。由於遺傳複製機制的揭密，使許多科學的研究對生殖危害的定義有新的認識。過去對半導體及光電相關產業，因職業暴露所引起的健康效應，有肺功能侷限性異常、呼吸道症狀及皮膚炎、白血球減少，以及與人體工程壓力有關的上肢肌肉骨骼症狀，進而到癌症發生率或死亡率，及員工的生殖危害的影響。目前對半導體光電產業生殖危害已有的評估研究，有半導體廠女性工作者的自然流產率、較長的期待懷孕時間，生育力下降及月經週期異常等影響，但隨著半導體產業已由七零年代發展至今，近三十年間，對其子代健康是否會有延續的影響，是亟待探討的議題。本研究將探討高科技產業員工的可能生殖危害，以光電產業員工其子代健康狀況最為指標的追蹤研究，探討此產業中的男性員工及女性員工其子代的健康狀況，出生健康，是否有出生缺陷及重大疾病，來探討父母的職業環境暴露是否有生殖危害是否對下一代有健康影響的生殖危害。另一部份將更進一步探討，光電產業─液晶螢幕顯示器（liquid crystal display）製造廠的職業暴露是否會影響女性員工的生殖內分泌，以分析該產業女性員工生理週期，並以女性員工的每天尿液中賀爾蒙代謝物─促濾泡成熟激素（follicle-stimulating, FSH），雌激素（estrogen）及黃體激素（progesterone）濃度作為指標，來評估女性生殖健康及生育能力是否受作業環境中的揮發性有機物值濃度的影響; The semiconductor industry is one of the most important worldwide high-technology industries and growing rapidly, also the Liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturing. Those high-tech industries use many organic chemical solvents in the fabrication process. Many chemical which were regularly used in the manufacturing have been reported or suspected to have reproductive toxicity. Although their reproductive toxicity has been evaluated in animal studies, the knowledge of the reproductive toxicity in humans is scant. Increased risks of prolonged time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortion have been reported in the female workers of semiconductor industry. To our knowledge the potential risk of congenital malformations in the offspring of the workers in this industry has not been published yet. Thus, we conducted a linkage of registries from the Department of Health, Taiwan to explore this risk in the liveborn children of the workers in the semiconductor industry. The objective of the first part this study was to investigate whether female workers were at higher risk of any adverse birth outcome or death from congenital malformation. We obtained the employment information of workers in eight semiconductor companies from the Bureau of Labor Insurance, Taiwan. A total of 19,816 male and 27,610 female workers had been employed in these companies during 1980-2000. We identified liveborn children in the National Birth Registry and deaths from congenital malformations in the National Death Registry. We used multiple logistic analysis models to calculate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals.A total of 14,812 and 24,223 children were born to male and female workers, respectively. After controlling for maternal age and children’s sex and year of birth, increased risks of deaths with congenital malformations [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.26; and 95% ;confidence interval (CI), 1.12 to 9.44] and heart anomalies (OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.08 to 15.95) were found in the male workers who employed in the industry during the two month before conception. However, there were no significant findings in the female workers who employed during the three months before and after conception. We found evidence for a possible link between potential paternal preconceptional exposure and an increased risk of congenital malformations in the heart and circulatory system. The possible etiological hypothesis needs to be corroborated in the future. The objective of second part of the study was to determine the effect of organic solvents on menstrual cycle characteristics of female workers in LCD manufacturing by using questionnaire and daily urine metabolites of sex steroid hormones to obtain menstrual function data and assess the potential reproductive effect of occupational exposure in LCD manufacturing. The results of canister sampling analyzed showed that there were many chemical compounds with potentially reproductive effects in the fabrication area. The handheld VOC monitor showed that there were higher concentrations of total volatile organic compounds in panel and module areas than others. Female workers in panel (adjusted odds ratio = 7.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.51 to 39.15) and module areas (adjusted odds ratio = 8.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.72 to 40.95) and had higher risks of short menstrual cycles which have the length shorter than 24 days than those in array and office.areas. We found an increased risk of short menstrual cycles among the women working in panel and module processes. The conjecture of our study was that exposure to multiple organic solvents have substantial reproductive effects on premenopausal women. We found that the female workers in the module group had a significant increase of FSH and E1C in the early follicular phase E1C and PdG in periovulatory phase and FSH and E1C and PdG in luteal phase compared with those in panel and group. The multiple chemical exposures may diminish ovarian oocyte reserve or induced ovarian failure. shortening follicular phase leads to shortening menstrual cycle. Exposure to multiple organic solvents has substantial reproductive effects on premenopausal women.

體適能訓練對台灣陸軍人員的健康效應

2021-06-17T03:11:53Z

標題: 體適能訓練對台灣陸軍人員的健康效應; The effect of physical fitness test on personnel health in Taiwan Armed Force 作者: Che-Fu Chang; 張哲輔摘要: 研究背景體力即是國力，體能及泳技為軍人必備之要件，是戰技與戰鬥之基礎，為完善軍人體能及泳技要求，國防部於2011年修正體能鑑測方式及標準，期望藉由新的體能鑑測標準能提升國軍官兵的體能狀況。另外，為了增加體能鑑測及訓練的安全性，規定各受測人員須於接受測驗前須有該年度國軍人員健檢結果報告以確認官兵身體健康狀況；同時，並於軍事網路上建置「體能鑑測系統」管理個人體能鑑測成績，國軍人員可從此系統登錄時間並查詢近5年體能鑑測結果，此系統對國軍人員在體能訓練及管理上有不少的幫助。此研究目的為了解修正後的體能鑑測是否對國軍人員健康狀況有所幫助。研究方法研究設計採縱貫式研究法，以100年至103年連續4年期間於國軍桃園總醫院接受國軍人員年度健康檢查之志願役軍人為研究族群。所建立的資料庫內容依據代謝症候群指標規定且包含目前國軍人員健康檢查服務項目。資料庫中的項目包括：既往病史、生活習慣及自覺症狀之調查；理學檢查有身高、體重、腰圍、BMI及血壓；另外，實驗室檢查則有膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、高密度脂蛋白（HDLc）、低密度脂蛋白（LDLc）之檢查。而代謝症候群定義則是採用國際糖尿病聯合會（International Diabetes Federation）所定義的標準。同時並連結體能鑑測系統中目標族群相同年度三項體測（3公里跑步、2分鐘伏地挺身、2分鐘仰臥起坐）的結果做研究分析。研究對象之各項特性分佈以人數、百分比以描述性統計表示，而探討重複測量相關之連續型健康效應與體能鑑測結果等變項之相關分析則是使用混合效果模型(mixed effect model)及廣義估計方程式（GEE, Generalize Estimated Equation）分析，同時校正可能的干擾因子如年齡、吸菸、喝酒和過去疾病史。資料收集後使用SPSS 23.0以及SAS 9.4進行資料整理以及分析。研究結果連續4年期間於本院接受國軍人員年度健康檢查之志願役軍人總共1720位志願役軍人。其中，246位軍人為代謝症候群患者（佔收案人數14.3%）；在代謝症候群的相關指標異常比率中，此兩族群的異常項目前三名依次為：血壓（36.7%；88.6%）、腰圍（16.8%；80.5%）、三酸甘油脂（11.6%；76.8%）。研究顯示體能測驗對血壓、空腹血糖及AIP有下降及維持有關，對高密度脂蛋白有提升的效果；另外使用混合效果模型(mixed effect model)及廣義估計方程式（GEE, Generalize Estimated Equation）分析發現，三項體能訓練中以跑步對代謝症候群中的腰圍、空腹血糖、三酸甘油脂有顯著負相關；對高密度脂蛋白有顯著相關；針對代謝症候群的預防上，分析也發現跑步可降低代謝症候群的風險（OR= 0.63, p=<0.001）。結論由上述結果可知，體能鑑測對國軍人員的血壓、高密度脂蛋白（HDLc）、空腹血糖有改善的效果；此外，在三項的體能訓練中，跑步及仰臥起坐對代謝症候群及其因子的改變有顯著意義。; Background Regular physical activity is associated with a lower risk of coronary diseases, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome. Thus, physical activity has positive effects on blood lipid profile, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, hypertension, cardiovascular functions and metabolic syndrome. It is important that the physical test during the military service is of such standard that the soldiers become qualified for tasks that demand good physical fitness. In Taiwan, physical fitness test forms an integral part of military life and the result is taken into account for career promotion purposes and Taiwan army force started to use the new physical fitness test standard in 2011. The purpose of this study was to understand whether the physical fitness test can improve the physical status in military personnel and whether the new physical fitness test result can reflect the physical status in military personnel. Method This retrospective study include 1720 army volunteer military (age>30) of the North Combat Zone and these case all received annual health checkup and physical fitness test between 2012 and 2014. Analyses were conducted using mixed effect model and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) adjusting for gender, age and habits. Result A total of 1720 volunteer service accept the annual health examination from 2011-2014. Among them, 246 soldiers with metabolic syndrome (accounting for 14.3% of all cases); among the abnormal indexes of metabolic syndrome, the abnormal items of the two groups were: blood pressure (36.7%; 88.6%), waist (16.8%; 80.5%) and triglycerides (11.6%; 76.8%). After introduction of physical fitness training, blood pressure decreased and the effect maintain. HDL-C was increased significantly and the effects sustained. Fasting glucose decreased after introduction of physical fitness test. The mixed effect model and generalized estimation equation (GEE, Generalize Estimated Equation) analysis found that the running has significant effect in improvement of triglyceride, fasting glucose, waist circumference and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, we also found that physical fitness test can be reduced metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.63, p = <0.001). Besides, the physical fitness test performance may reflect the health status in army military personnel. Conclusion. The physical training program should be considered as the benefits in improvement of metabolic syndrome in army military personnel and better physical fitness performance can improve metabolic syndrome and its components.