請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/7647
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 張靜文(Ching-Wen Chang) | |
dc.contributor.author | Yu-Ju Horng | en |
dc.contributor.author | 洪于茹 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-19T17:48:56Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2023-02-22 | |
dc.date.available | 2021-05-19T17:48:56Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2018-02-22 | |
dc.date.issued | 2017 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2017-09-29 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Al‐Bana, B. H., Haddad, M. T., & Garduño, R. A. (2014). Stationary phase and mature infectious forms of Legionella pneumophila produce distinct viable but non‐culturable cells. Environmental microbiology, 16(2), 382-395.
Alexandropoulou, I. G., Konstantinidis, T. G., Parasidis, T. A., Nikolaidis, C., Panopoulou, M., & Constantinidis, T. C. (2013). First report of Legionella pneumophila in car cabin air filters. Are these a potential exposure pathway for professional drivers? Scand J Infect Dis, 45(12), 948-952. doi:10.3109/00365548.2013.840917 Allegra, S., Grattard, F., Girardot, F., Riffard, S., Pozzetto, B., & Berthelot, P. (2011). Longitudinal evaluation of the efficacy of heat treatment procedures against Legionella spp. in hospital water systems by using a flow cytometric assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(4), 1268-1275. Alleron, L., Khemiri, A., Koubar, M., Lacombe, C., Coquet, L., Cosette, P., . . . Frere, J. (2013). VBNC Legionella pneumophila cells are still able to produce virulence proteins. Water Research, 47(17), 6606-6617. Alleron, L., Merlet, N., Lacombe, C., & Frere, J. (2008). Long-term survival of Legionella pneumophila in the viable but nonculturable state after monochloramine treatment. Curr Microbiol, 57(5), 497-502. doi:10.1007/s00284-008-9275-9 Bargellini, A., Marchesi, I., Righi, E., Ferrari, A., Cencetti, S., Borella, P., & Rovesti, S. (2011). Parameters predictive of Legionella contamination in hot water systems: association with trace elements and heterotrophic plate counts. Water Research, 45(6), 2315-2321. Becalski, A., & Bartlett, K. H. (2006). Methanol exposure to car occupants from windshield washing fluid: a pilot study. Indoor Air, 16(2), 153-157. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00411.x Belmessieri, D., Gozlan, C., Duclos, M. C., Molinier, V., Aubry, J. M., Dumitrescu, O., . . . Lemaire, M. (2017). Synthesis, surfactant properties and antimicrobial activities of methyl glycopyranoside ethers. Eur J Med Chem, 128, 98-106. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.038 Bonetta, S., Bonetta, S., Ferretti, E., Balocco, F., & Carraro, E. (2010). Evaluation of Legionella pneumophila contamination in Italian hotel water systems by quantitative real‐time PCR and culture methods. Journal of applied microbiology, 108(5), 1576-1583. Borella, P., Montagna, M. T., Romano-Spica, V., Stampi, S., Stancanelli, G., Triassi, M., . . . Tatò, D. (2004). Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water. Emerging infectious diseases, 10(3), 457. Borella, P., Montagna, M. T., Stampi, S., Stancanelli, G., Romano-Spica, V., Triassi, M., . . . Napoli, C. (2005). Legionella contamination in hot water of Italian hotels. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(10), 5805-5813. Chang, C. W., Chang, W. L., Chang, S. T., & Cheng, S. S. (2008). Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils against Legionella pneumophila. Water Res, 42(1-2), 278-286. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.008 Chong, C., & Hamersma, B. (1995). Automobile radiator antifreeze and windshield washer fluid as IBA carriers for rooting woody cuttings. HortScience, 30(2), 363-365. Delgado-Viscogliosi, P., Solignac, L., & Delattre, J. M. (2009). Viability PCR, a culture-independent method for rapid and selective quantification of viable Legionella pneumophila cells in environmental water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol, 75(11), 3502-3512. doi:10.1128/AEM.02878-08 Den Boer, J. W., Nijhof, J., & Friesema, I. (2006). Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. A 3-year national case-control study. Public Health, 120(6), 566-571. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.03.009 Domingue, E. L., Tyndall, R., Mayberry, W., & Pancorbo, O. (1988). Effects of three oxidizing biocides on Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54(3), 741-747. Fatma, N., Panda, M., Kabir ud, D., & Beg, M. (2016). Ester-bonded cationic gemini surfactants: Assessment of their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 222, 390-394. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2016.07.044 Fields, B. S. (1996). The molecular ecology of legionellae. Trends in microbiology, 4(7), 286-290. Fields, B. S., Benson, R. F., & Besser, R. E. (2002). Legionella and Legionnaires' Disease: 25 Years of Investigation. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(3), 506-526. doi:10.1128/cmr.15.3.506-526.2002 Fragou, K., Kokkinos, P., Gogos, C., Alamanos, Y., & Vantarakis, A. (2012). Prevalence of Legionella spp. in water systems of hospitals and hotels in South Western Greece. International journal of environmental health research, 22(4), 340-354. Furuhata, K., Dogasaki, C., Hara, M., & Fukuyama, M. (2003). Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila from whirlpool bath waters by grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) seed extract. Biocontrol Science, 8(3), 129-132. Gao, Y., Zhou, P., Lin, Y. E., Vidic, R. D., & Stout, J. E. (2001). Efficacy of DBNPA against Legionella pneumophila: experimental results in a model water system. ASHRAE Transactions, 107, 184. Goutziana, G., Mouchtouri, V. A., Karanika, M., Kavagias, A., Stathakis, N. E., Gourgoulianis, K., . . . Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2008). Legionella species colonization of water distribution systems, pools and air conditioning systems in cruise ships and ferries. BMC public health, 8(1), 390. Hsu, B.-M., Chen, C.-H., Wan, M.-T., & Cheng, H.-W. (2006). Legionella prevalence in hot spring recreation areas of Taiwan. Water Research, 40(17), 3267-3273. Huang, S.-W., Hsu, B.-M., Wu, S.-F., Fan, C.-W., Shih, F.-C., Lin, Y.-C., & Ji, D.-D. (2010). Water quality parameters associated with prevalence of Legionella in hot spring facility water bodies. Water Research, 44(16), 4805-4811. Ishikawa, S., Matsumura, Y., Katoh‐Kubo, K., & Tsuchido, T. (2002). Antibacterial activity of surfactants against Escherichia coli cells is influenced by carbon source and anaerobiosis. Journal of applied microbiology, 93(2), 302-309. Jackson, M., & Payne, H. (1995). Bittering agents: their potential application in reducing ingestions of engine coolants and windshield wash. Veterinary and human toxicology, 37(4), 323-326. Kao, P.-M., Hsu, B.-M., Hsu, T.-K., Ji, W.-T., Huang, P.-H., Hsueh, C.-J., . . . Huang, Y.-L. (2014). Application of TaqMan fluorescent probe-based quantitative real-time PCR assay for the environmental survey of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila in drinking water reservoirs in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 416-421. Karki, K., & Le Cann, P. (2014). Identification of Environmental Factors Involved in Legionella Development. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2(2), 120-127. Kramer, V. C., Calabrese, D. M., & Nickerson, K. (1980). Growth of Enterobacter cloacae in the presence of 25% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 40(5), 973-976. Kurtz, J., Bartlett, C., Newton, U., White, R., & Jones, N. (1982). Legionella pneumophila in cooling water systems: report of a survey of cooling towers in London and a pilot trial of selected biocides. Epidemiology & Infection, 88(3), 369-381. Lasheras, A., Boulestreau, H., Rogues, A. M., Ohayon-Courtes, C., Labadie, J. C., & Gachie, J. P. (2006). Influence of amoebae and physical and chemical characteristics of water on presence and proliferation of Legionella species in hospital water systems. Am J Infect Control, 34(8), 520-525. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.03.007 Leoni, E., De Luca, G., Legnani, P. P., Sacchetti, R., Stampi, S., & Zanetti, F. (2005). Legionella waterline colonization: detection of Legionella species in domestic, hotel and hospital hot water systems. J Appl Microbiol, 98(2), 373-379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02458.x Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika, 73(1), 13-22. Majtan, V., & Majtanova, L. (2000). Effect of quaternary ammonium salts and amine oxides on the surface hydrophobicity of Enterobacter cloacae. CHEMICAL PAPERS-SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 54(1), 49-52. Molofsky, A. B., & Swanson, M. S. (2004). Differentiate to thrive: lessons from the Legionella pneumophila life cycle. Mol Microbiol, 53(1), 29-40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04129.x Mouchtouri, V., Velonakis, E., Tsakalof, A., Kapoula, C., Goutziana, G., Vatopoulos, A., . . . Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2007). Risk factors for contamination of hotel water distribution systems by Legionella species. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73(5), 1489-1492. doi:10.1128/AEM.02191-06 Muder, R. R., Victor, L. Y., & Woo, A. H. (1986). Mode of transmission of Legionella pneumophila: a critical review. Archives of internal medicine, 146(8), 1607-1612. Retrieved from http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/intemed/16859/archinte_146_8_030.pdf Muraca, P., Stout, J. E., & Yu, V. L. (1987). Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone, and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(2), 447-453. Ohno, A., Kato, N., Yamada, K., & Yamaguchi, K. (2003). Factors Influencing Survival of Legionella pneumophila Serotype 1 in Hot Spring Water and Tap Water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(5), 2540-2547. doi:10.1128/aem.69.5.2540-2547.2003 Palmer, M. E., Longmaid, K., Lamph, D., Willis, C., Heaslip, V., & Khattab, A. (2012). Legionella pneumophila found in windscreen washer fluid without added screenwash. European journal of epidemiology, 27(8), 667-667. Paszko-Kolva, C., Yamamoto, H., Shahamat, M., Sawyer, T., Morris, G., & Colwell, R. (1991). Isolation of amoebae and Pseudomonas and Legionella spp. from eyewash stations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(1), 163-167. Polat, Y., Ergin, C., Kaleli, I., & Pinar, A. (2007). Investigation of Legionella pneumophila seropositivity in the professional long distance drivers as a risky occupation. Mikrobiyoloji bulteni, 41(2), 211-217. Qin, T., Yan, G., Ren, H., Zhou, H., Wang, H., Xu, Y., . . . Shao, Z. (2013). High prevalence, genetic diversity and intracellular growth ability of Legionella in hot spring environments. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59018. Rakić, A., & Štambuk-Giljanović, N. (2016). Physical and chemical parameter correlations with technical and technological characteristics of heating systems and the presence of Legionella spp. in the hot water supply. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(2), 73. Rasmussen, R. (2001). Quantification on the LightCycler. Rapid cycle real-time PCR, methods and applications, 1, 21-34. Sakamoto, R., Ohno, A., Nakahara, T., Satomura, K., Iwanaga, S., Kouyama, Y., . . . Yamaguchi, K. (2009). Is driving a car a risk for Legionnaires' disease? Epidemiol Infect, 137(11), 1615-1622. doi:10.1017/S0950268809002568 Salager, J.-L. (2002). Surfactants types and uses. Schulze-Röbbecke, R., Rödder, M., & Exner, M. (1987). Multiplication and killing temperatures of naturally occurring legionellas. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Serie B, Umwelthygiene, Krankenhaushygiene, Arbeitshygiene, praventive Medizin, 184(6), 495-500. Schwake, D. O., Alum, A., & Abbaszadegan, M. (2015). Automobile windshield washer fluid: A potential source of transmission for Legionella. Sci Total Environ, 526, 271-277. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.122 Shih, H.-Y., & Lin, Y. E. (2010). Efficacy of copper-silver ionization in controlling biofilm-and plankton-associated waterborne pathogens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(6), 2032-2035. Shukla, D., & Tyagi, V. (2006). Cationic gemini surfactants: a review. Journal of oleo science, 55(8), 381-390. Thomas, W. M., Eccles, J., & Fricker, C. (1999). Laboratory observations of biocide efficiency against Legionella in model cooling tower systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 105, 607. Tsuchido, T., Ahn, Y.-H., & Takano, M. (1987). Lysis of Bacillus subtilis cells by glycerol and sucrose esters of fatty acids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(3), 505-508. Turetgen, I. (2008). Induction of Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) state and the effect of multiple subculturing on the survival ofLegionella pneumophila strains in the presence of monochloramine. Annals of microbiology, 58(1), 153-156. Walker, J., Mackerness, C., Mallon, D., Makin, T., Williets, T., & Keevil, C. (1995). Control ofLegionella pneumophila in a hospital water system by chlorine dioxide. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 15(4), 384-390. Wallensten, A., Oliver, I., Ricketts, K., Kafatos, G., Stuart, J. M., & Joseph, C. (2010). Windscreen wiper fluid without added screenwash in motor vehicles: a newly identified risk factor for Legionnaires' disease. Eur J Epidemiol, 25(9), 661-665. doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9471-3 Yu-sen, E. L., Vidic, R. D., Stout, J. E., & Victor, L. Y. (2002). Negative effect of high pH on biocidal efficacy of copper and silver ions in controlling Legionella pneumophila. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(6), 2711-2715. Zanetti, F., Stampi, S., De Luca, G., Fateh‐Moghadam, P., Bucci Sabattini, M. A., & Checchi, L. (2000). Water characteristics associated with the occurrence of Legionella pneumophila in dental units. European journal of oral sciences, 108(1), 22-28. Zhu, X., Wu, D., Wang, W., Tan, F., Wong, P. K., Wang, X., . . . Qiao, X. (2016). Highly effective antibacterial activity and synergistic effect of Ag-MgO nanocomposite against Escherichia coli. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 684, 282-290. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.179 王鳳英. (1993). 界面活性劑的原理與應用, 再版, 高立圖書公司, 臺北. 徐藝瑋. (2015). 車輛空調與雨刷水系統退伍軍人菌污染調查. 許正忠, 賴齡, 陳惠章, 陳瑤瓊, 郭曉文, 王依婷, . . . 鄭守訓. (2011). 市售食品用洗潔劑砷, 壬基酚類界面活性劑及螢光增白劑含量調查. Ann. Rept. Food Drug Res, 2, 201-205. 許雅婷. (2012). 大台北都會區車輛雨刷水之退伍軍人菌汙染調查. 楊雁婷. (2009). 市售清潔劑清潔效能研究. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/7647 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 過往研究退伍軍人病 (Legionellosis)零星個案報告中,發現職業駕駛人所占比例甚高,並於汽車內雨刷水箱檢測出退伍軍人菌Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila)。雨刷精具有維護雨刷水箱及保護車窗的作用,國內研究發現駕駛人員不僅習慣添加雨刷精 (Commercial screenwash,CS),亦會添加家用清潔劑 (Household detergent, HD)。國外研究指出添加雨刷精可降低退伍軍人菌的檢出,且雨刷精與家用清潔劑兩類型雨刷水清潔用品添加至雨刷水箱內之退伍軍人菌檢出情形不一致。本研究為探討雨刷水清潔用品對L. pneumophila影響,以12種市售雨刷精及10種家用清潔劑探討不同清潔用品種類、不同清潔用品濃度 (0.1及0.01 g/mL)、接觸時間 (2時及30日)及不同水溫 (25及37℃),同時亦探討pH及硬度對L. pneumophila影響。
本研究以添加雨刷水清潔用品之實驗組及未添加雨刷水清潔用品之控制組分別進行三階段之抑菌實驗:(1)25℃短期抑菌實驗;(2)37℃短期抑菌實驗;(3)37℃長期追蹤實驗,並以推盤法及EMA-qPCR分析L. pneumophila培養力及活性濃度,同時於短時間120分鐘時及長期追蹤30日時測量pH及硬度。 統計結果顯示,於市售雨刷精品牌中,以TM效果最佳,對L. pneumophila培養力及活性皆有顯著較佳抑制作用 (P-value<0.0001)。另外對於抑制活性顯著較佳者為GD(P-value<0.0001)。就家用清潔劑而言,以MB對培養力抑制顯著較佳(P-value<0.0001),WD、DW及MA則對活性抑制較佳,具顯著影響 (P-value<0.0001)。本研究共探討22種雨刷水清潔用品,相較於家用清潔劑,添加市售雨刷精抑菌效果較佳。另外顯示雨刷水清潔用品之添加濃度為0.1 g/mL時,相對於0.01 g/mL較能有效抑制L. pneumophila培養力。對於探討接觸時間之影響方面,本研究於短期及長期時間觀察結果包含:(1)雨刷水清潔用品能立即性抑制L. pneumophila培養力及活性;(2)隨著接觸時間增加,雨刷水清潔用品抑制L. pneumophila培養力及使活性下降之趨勢緩慢;(3)到接觸結束時間點仍雨刷水清潔用品中有L. pneumophila培養力及活性濃度。上述結果顯示了不同雨刷水清潔用品的抑菌效果之優劣勢。於探討水溫部分,結果顯示於37℃下退伍軍人菌可能較能抵抗雨刷水清潔用品抑制影響或延遲抑菌效果。 探討pH值之影響方面,結果顯示pH高於8者對L. pneumophila培養力較具影響,對其活性影響力較低;對家用清潔劑而言,結果顯示愈鹼性的環境,對L. pneumophila培養力愈不利,對其活性則無明顯影響。另外,針對雨刷水清潔用品硬度影響之結果則顯示硬度介於3-12 mg/L者對L. pneumophila培養力較具影響,對其活性影響力較低;就家用清潔劑而言,硬度介於3-12 mg/L可使L. pneumophila培養力上升,硬度介於30-195 mg/L則使該菌培養力下降,然而硬度高,L. pneumophila活性濃度亦高。 另外針對具活性但不具培養性 (Viable but nonculture, VBNC)之L. pneumophila進行探討,對22種雨刷水清潔用品而言,於接觸3日能有效抑制L. pneumophila培養力及活性者佔18.2% (4/22),含低濃度VBNC之L. pneumophila者佔13.6% (3/22),含高濃度VBNC之L. pneumophila者佔50% (11/22),於接觸8日培養力完全抑制且含VBNC之L. pneumophila者佔18.2% (4/22)。 本研究證實不同成分雨刷水清潔用品對L. pneumophila培養力及活性有影響具差異,且不同清潔用品濃度、接觸時間及不同水溫皆有不同抑菌效果之影響,可供未來作為駕駛人員添加雨刷水清潔用品建議方法參考依據,以降低社區零星式退伍軍人菌病之發生。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Literature showed that drivers possess greater risk of acquiring legionellosis, and windscreen wiper systems (WWS) of vehicles are considered as the potential contamination source. Windscreen wiper fluid (WWF) is used to clean the windscreen, research showed that some people use commercial screenwash (CS) and some use household detergent (HD). Previous study had suggest that adding WWF may affect the Legionella growth, and adding household detergent may had lower detection rate of Legionella pneumophila of WWS. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of WWF against L. pneumophila, and to assess the influence on the culturable and viable L. pneumophila of several factors, including the type and the concentration of detergent, contact time, water temperature, pH value and hardness.
In this study, three experiments were carried out on the experimental group with the addition of WWF and the control group without WWF. First was short-term antibacterial test at 25 ℃; second was short-term test at 37 ℃; third was long-term test at 37 ℃. Culture method and EMA-qPCR analysis were used for analyzing the concentration of culturable and viable L. pneumophila. The pH value and hardness of WWF were measured at 120 minutes for short term and 30 days for long term test. The results showed that TM had significant effect on the culturable and viable L. pneumophila (P-value <0.0001). In addition, GD has better effect inhibition of viable L. pneumophila (P-value <0.0001). WD, DW and MA had significant effect inhibition of viable L. pneumophila (P-value <0.0001). Moreover, the antibacterial effect of commercial screenwash was better than household detergent. Results of the influence of concentration of detergentshowed that 0.1 g/mL inhibited more L. pneumophila than 0.01 g/mL. On the other hand, there were three key point of influence of contact time, including short-term and long-term: (1) immediate inhibition to the culturable and viable L. pneumophila; (2) inhibition of the culturable and viable L. pneumophila decreased slowly as time increased; (3) at the end of the time point, the culturable and viable L. pneumophila still can be detected (Culturable >1 or 5 CFU/mL;Viable> 620 cells/mL). Above all, results showed the advantages and disadvantages of different WWF. Influence of the water temperature showed that L. pneumophila may be more resistant the antibacterial effect at 37 °C. For commercial screenwash, results showed that pH value above 8 may have impact on the culturable L. pneumophila, but less for the viable L. pneumophila. As for household detergents, when the environment was more alkaline, the culture of L. pneumophila was more likely to get impaired, but there was no significant effect on the viable L. pneumophila. For commercial screenwash, results showed that hardness between 3-12 mg/L may have more impact on the culturable L. pneumophila, but less on viable L. pneumophila. As for household detergents, the hardness of 3-12 mg/L may increase the culture capacity, and hardness between 30-195 mg/L may decline theculturalbility; besides, the higher the hardness, the higher the concentration of viable L. pneumophila. In addition, there were 18.2% (4/22) of WWF could inhibit the culture and viable L. pneumophila, 13.6% (3/22) had lower viable but nonculture (VBNC), 50% (11/22) had high level concentration of VBNC L. pneumophila, and 18.2 % (4/22) had completely inhibition and had VBNC L. pneumophila at 8 days . Above all, this study confirmed that different ingredient of WWF have different effects on the culture and viable L. pneumophila. Different concentration of detergent, contact time and the water temperature may have different the antibacterial effect, which can provide further recommendation of adding WWF in order to reduce the occurrence of community sporadic disease. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-19T17:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-106-R03844011-1.pdf: 3483885 bytes, checksum: 581560290279ca008ea2a3db4c23b63b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄
摘要 i Abstract iii 表目錄 xi 圖目錄 xvi List of Acronyms xxi 第一章 前言 1 第二章 文獻回顧 1 2.1嗜肺性退伍軍人菌 (Legionella pneumophila)與退伍軍人病 (Legionellosis) 1 2.2 退伍軍人菌於車體檢出情形 4 2.3 雨刷水清潔用品 (Windscreen wiper fluid ,WWF)與水體環境處置措施 9 2.4 抑菌相關影響因子與退伍軍人菌生長因子 14 第三章 研究目的 19 第四張 研究架構 20 第五章 材料與方法 22 5.1 材料及設備 22 5.1.1培養基及緩衝液 22 5.1.2儀器設備 25 5.2嗜肺性退伍軍人菌 (L. pneumophila)備置與培養 26 5.2.1 L. pneumophila之濃度檢量線建立 26 5.3雨刷水清潔用品 (Windscreen Wiper fluids, WWF) 29 5.3.1品項說明 31 5.3.1.1市售雨刷精 (Commercial screenwash, CS) 31 5.3.1.2家用清潔劑 (Household detergent, HD) 33 5.3.2 微生物特性 35 5.3.2.1異營性細菌及真菌 35 5.3.2.2 活性L. pneumophila 35 5.3.3雨刷清潔用品之物理化學特性 36 5.3.3.4物理化學特性分析 36 5.4退伍軍人菌抑菌實驗 37 5.4.1 短時間抑菌實驗 (2 hr) 38 5.4.1.1 菌液備置 39 5.4.1.2 25℃抑菌實驗 40 5.4.1.3 37℃抑菌實驗 43 5.4.2 長時間抑菌實驗 (30日) 44 5.4.2.1菌液備置 44 5.4.2.2 37℃長期追蹤活性L. pneumophila濃度 45 5.4.2.3 37℃長期追蹤可培養性L. pneumophila濃度 47 5.5空白樣本、水浴槽溫度及培養箱溫度 49 5.5.1空白樣本 49 5.5.2 水浴槽水溫 49 5.5.3 培養箱溫度記錄 51 5.6 活性L. pneumophila分析 53 5.6.1 Ethidium monoazide (EMA)核酸染劑處置 53 5.6.2 DNA萃取 53 5.6.3 L. pneumophila EMA Real-time PCR分析 53 5.6.4 DNA標準品檢量線建立 55 5.7抑菌實驗樣本中之pH與硬度測定 56 5.8 資料處理 58 5.8.1可培養L. pneumophila濃度與偵測下限之計算 58 5.8.2 活性L. pneumophila濃度與偵測下限之計算 59 5.8.3 異營性真細菌濃度與偵測下限之計算 60 5.8.4 易感性因子K值計算 60 5.9 統計分析方法 61 5.9.1 廣義估計方程式 (Generalized estimating equation)分析 62 5.9.2 迴歸模式 (Regression model)分析 65 第六章 結果 68 6.1雨刷水清潔用品微生物特性 68 6.1.1雨刷水清潔用品之物理化學特性 70 6.2 25℃短期退伍軍人菌抑菌實驗 72 6.2.1 25℃短時間下市售雨刷精抑菌結果 72 6.2.1.1 0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精抑菌效果 72 6.2.1.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 76 6.2.1.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘) 與pH及硬度值 78 6.2.1.2 0.01 g/mL市售雨刷精抑菌效果 79 6.2.1.2.1 L. pneumophila對0.01 g/mL市售雨刷精易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 83 6.2.1.2.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘) 與pH及硬度值 85 6.2.1.3其他廠商建議稀釋濃度之市售雨刷精抑菌效果 86 6.2.1.4 25℃下市售雨刷精抑菌效能統計檢定 89 6.2.1.5 25℃下市售雨刷精接觸L. pneumophila時之pH與硬度值 91 6.2.2 25℃短時間下家用清潔劑抑菌結果 94 6.2.2.1 0.1 g/mL家用清潔劑抑菌效果 94 6.2.2.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL家用清潔劑易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 98 6.2.2.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘)與pH及硬度值 100 6.2.2.2 0.01 g/mL家用清潔劑抑菌效果 101 6.2.2.2.1 L. pneumophila對0.01 g/mL家用清潔劑易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 105 6.2.2.2.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘)與pH及硬度值 107 6.2.2.3 25℃下家用清潔劑抑菌效能統計檢定 108 6.2.2.4 25℃下家用清潔劑接觸L. pneumophila時之pH與硬度值 110 6.2.3 25℃下22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌結果 113 6.2.3.1 25℃下22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效能統計檢定 113 6.2.3.1.1 0.1 g/mL22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效果 113 6.2.3.1.2 0.01 g/mL22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效果 114 6.2.3.1.3 0.1及0.01 g/mL 21種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效果 116 6.3 37℃短期退伍軍人菌抑菌實驗 118 6.3.1 37℃下市售雨刷精抑菌結果 118 6.3.1.1 0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精抑菌效果 118 6.3.1.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 121 6.3.1.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘)與pH及硬度值 123 6.3.1.2 25&37℃下市售雨刷精抑菌效能統計檢定 124 6.3.1.3 25及37℃下市售雨刷精接觸L. pneumophila時之pH與硬度值 126 6.3.2 37℃下家用清潔劑抑菌結果 129 6.3.2.1 0.1 g/mL家用清潔劑抑菌效果 129 6.3.2.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL家用清潔劑易感性因子 (60及120分鐘) 133 6.3.2.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (120分鐘)與pH及硬度值 135 6.3.2.2 25及37℃下家用清潔劑抑菌效能統計檢定 136 6.3.2.3 25及37℃下家用清潔劑接觸L. pneumophila時之pH及硬度檢測 138 6.3.3 37℃下21種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌結果 141 6.3.3.1 0.1 g/mL 21種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效果 141 6.3.3.2 25及37℃下22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效果 143 6.4 37℃長期退伍軍人菌追蹤實驗 145 6.4.1 37℃長時間下市售雨刷精抑菌結果 145 6.4.1.1 0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精抑菌效果 145 6.4.1.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL市售雨刷精易感性因子 (3-30日) 148 6.4.1.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (30日) 與pH及硬度值 150 6.4.1.2 37℃長時間下市售雨刷精抑菌效能統計檢定 151 6.4.1.3 37℃長時間下市售雨刷精接觸L. pneumophila時之pH與硬度值 153 6.4.2 37℃長時間下家用清潔劑抑菌結果 156 6.4.2.1 0.1 g/mL清家用清潔劑抑菌效果 156 6.4.2.1.1 L. pneumophila對0.1 g/mL家用清潔劑易感性因子 (3-30日) 159 6.4.2.1.2 L. pneumophila易感性因子 (30日) 與pH及硬度值 161 6.4.2.2 37℃長時間下家用清潔劑抑菌效能統計檢定 162 6.4.2.3 37℃長時間下家用清潔劑接觸L. pneumophila時之pH與硬度值 164 6.4.3 37℃長時間下22種雨刷水清潔用品抑菌效能統計檢定 167 6.5 37℃長時間下追蹤L. pneumophila可培養性 169 第七章 討論 173 7.1抑菌影響因子 173 7.1.1清潔用品濃度 173 7.1.2接觸時間 174 7.1.3水溫 176 7.1.4雨刷水清潔用品種類及成分 177 7.2 pH及硬度影響 183 7.2.1 pH影響 183 7.2.2硬度影響 189 7.3具活性但不具培養性 (Viable but nonculturable, VBNC)之L. pneumophila 195 第八章 研究限制與未來建議 198 8.1研究限制 198 8.2未來建議 199 第九章 結論 200 9.1清潔用品品牌種類 200 9.2清潔用品濃度 200 9.3接觸時間 201 9.4水溫 202 9.5 pH與硬度影響 203 9.6具活性但不可培養性 203 附錄 205 1. L. pneumophila可培養性濃度檢量線結果 205 2. 雨刷水清潔用品之抑菌實驗下物理化學因子結果 206 2-1 市售雨刷精之抑菌實驗下物理化學因子 206 2-2家用清潔劑之抑菌實驗下物理化學因子 208 3. 雨刷水清潔用品於抑菌實驗下之物理化學因子散佈圖 210 3-1 25℃下市售雨刷精以添加0.1及0.01 g/mL接觸2時之物理化學因子散佈圖 210 3-2 25℃下家用清潔劑以添加0.1及0.01 g/mL接觸2時之物理化學因子散佈圖 211 3-3 25及37℃下市售雨刷精以添加0.1 g/mL接觸2時之物理化學因子散佈圖 212 3-4 25及37℃下家用清潔劑以添加0.1 g/mL接觸2時之物理化學因子散佈圖 213 3-5 37℃下市售雨刷精以添加0.1 g/mL接觸30日之物理化學因子散佈圖 214 3-5 37℃下家用清潔劑以添加0.1 g/mL接觸30日之物理化學因子散佈圖 215 參考文獻 216 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 雨刷水相關清潔用品對嗜肺性退伍軍人菌抑菌效能評估 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Antibacterial activities of Windscreen wiper fluid (WWF) against Legionella pneumophila | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 106-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 余國賓(Kuo-Pin Yu),林菀俞(Wan-Yu Lin) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 嗜肺性退伍軍人菌,雨刷水清潔用品,抑菌實驗, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Legionella pneumophila,windscreen wiper fluids,antibacterial activity, | en |
dc.relation.page | 224 | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU201704234 | |
dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
dc.date.accepted | 2017-09-29 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 環境衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境衛生研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-106-1.pdf | 3.4 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。